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Topic Review
FLO11p
Flo11p may be taken as a model for understanding cell–cell and cell–surface adhesion mechanisms that are exploited by pathogenic yeasts to adhere to abiotic surfaces such as catheters and gain access to the internal organs of patients or to serve as a reservoir of drug-resistant infectious cells in the form of biofilms.
  • 686
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota in Breast Cancer and Drug Resistance
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. The cause of cancer is multifactorial. An early diagnosis and the appropriate treatment of cancer can improve the chances of survival. Recent studies have shown that breast cancer is influenced by the microbiota. Different microbial signatures have been identified in the breast microbiota, which have different patterns depending on the stage and biological subgroups. The human digestive system contains approximately 100 trillion bacteria. The gut microbiota is an emerging field of research that is associated with specific biological processes in many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, brain disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.
  • 686
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Structural Characterization of Allergens
Allergens are substances that cause abnormal immune responses and can originate from various sources. IgE-mediated allergies are one of the most common and severe types of allergies, affecting more than 20% of the population in Western countries. Allergens can be subdivided into a limited number of families based on their structure, but this does not necessarily indicate the origin or the route of administration of the allergen, nor is the molecular basis of allergenicity clearly understood. 
  • 686
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Lung Cancer Biomarkers
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Detecting lung malignancies promptly is essential for any anticancer treatment to reduce mortality and morbidity, especially in high-risk individuals. 
  • 686
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Biochemical Mechanisms Associating Alcohol Use Disorders with Cancers
Of all yearly deaths attributable to alcohol consumption globally, approximately 12% are due to cancers, representing approximately 0.4 million deceased individuals. Ethanol metabolism disturbs cell biochemistry by targeting the structure and function of essential biomolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids) and by provoking alterations in cell programming that lead to cancer development and cancer malignancy. 
  • 685
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Classification of Mechanoreceptors and Their Physiological Importance
Mechanosensitive ion channels comprise a broad group of proteins that sense mechanical extracellular and intracellular changes, translating them into cation influx to adapt and respond to these physical cues. All cells in the organism are mechanosensitive, and these physical cues have proven to have an important role in regulating proliferation, cell fate and differentiation, migration and cellular stress, among other processes. Indeed, the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix in cancer change drastically due to high cell proliferation and modification of extracellular protein secretion, suggesting an important contribution to tumor cell regulation.
  • 685
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Cancer Detection, Diagnosis, and Prognosis
Biomarkers are vital in healthcare as they provide valuable insights into disease diagnosis, prognosis, treatment response, and personalized medicine. They serve as objective indicators, enabling early detection and intervention, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced costs. Biomarkers also guide treatment decisions by predicting disease outcomes and facilitating individualized treatment plans. They play a role in monitoring disease progression, adjusting treatments, and detecting early signs of recurrence. 
  • 685
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Candidate Genes/Proteomic Biomarkers of MOH
Chronic headache is a topical problem of neurology, psychiatry and general practice. The medication-overuse headache (MOH) is one of the leading pathologies in the structure of chronic headache. The serum and urine proteomic biomarkers of MOH can potentially help with the identification of patients with MOH development. 
  • 684
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
DCR based on SCLs
Ophthalmic drug delivery has always been a challenge for ophthalmologists and scientists from a variety of disciplines. It is estimated that the bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs is uncertain and is about 5% or less. This is a consequence of anatomical and physiological barriers, including tear drainage and epithelial transport limitations. Unique static and dynamic eye barriers exclude the penetration of xenobiotics and discourage the active absorption of therapeutic agents. Designing an ideal delivery regimen should involve increased bioavailability and controlled drug release at the target tissue, overcoming the ocular barriers.Eye medications administered in the conventional form of eye drops or ointments are often characterised by low bioavailability. In addition, they require repeated daily administration, which, combined with low patient compliance, causes doses to be avoided or administered incorrectly, contrary to therapeutic recommendations. Attempts to increase the bioavailability of ophthalmic medicines by using various modern solutions such as viscous solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, gels, polymer inserts, and colloidal systems are still unsatisfactorily challenging in pharmaceutical research. Hence, the use of contact lenses as drug delivery systems has been increasingly explored in recent years.The main objectives for the development of DCR (drug-controlled release) based on SCLs (soft contact lenses) are:to increase the drug delivery efficiency;to improve patient compliance and reduce undesirable systemic side effects, especially in chronic diseases such as glaucoma and dry eye;to enhance SCLs tolerance, particularly in patients affected by dry eye syndrome and ocular allergies;to design “bandage contact lenses” modified with antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory agents for managing corneal wound healing.
  • 684
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Neuroinflammation in Retinitis Pigmentosa
The retina is a multilayer neuronal tissue located in the back of the eye that transduces the environmental light into a neural impulse. Many eye diseases caused by endogenous or exogenous harm lead to retina degeneration with neuroinflammation being a major hallmark of these pathologies.
  • 684
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Compounds of Milk Exosomes
Exosomes are biological nanovesicles that participate in intercellular communication by transferring biologically active chemical compounds (proteins, microRNA, mRNA, DNA, and others). Milk is the only exosome-containing biological fluid that is commercially available. In this regard, milk exosomes are unique and promising candidates for new therapeutic approaches to treating various diseases, including cancer. The biochemical components of milk exosomes—proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids—can significantly affect therapeutic molecule delivery. In this regard, a detailed analysis of the content of these molecules in milk exosomes, also called “exosomics” (by analogy with genomics, proteomics, and other -omics technologies), is required.
  • 684
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 5
Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5) is an anti-inflammatory adipocytokine member of the SFRP family that is an antagonist of the WNT (wingless-MMTV integration site) family member 5a (WNT5A), a ligand of WNT pathway. There are two types of WNT signaling pathways: canonical and noncanonical, but SFRP5 is implicated only in the last one. The noncanonical pathway is activated by WNT ligands that bind to the frizzled receptors, followed by the phosphorylation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) that triggers proinflammatory and proliferative processes. The SFRP5/WNT5A-mediated noncanonical pathways are associated with the pathogenesis of many inflammation-related diseases. However, SFRP5 has a controversial role in liver disease.
  • 683
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cobined Genomic and Metabolomic Screening
Since the golden age of antibiotics in the 1950s and 1960s actinomycetes have been the most prolific source for bioactive natural products. However, the number of discoveries of new bioactive compounds decreases since decades. New procedures (e.g., activating strategies or innovative fermentation techniques) were developed to enhance the productivity of actinomycetes. Nevertheless, compound identification remains challenging among others due to high rediscovery rates. Rapid and cheap genome sequencing as well as the advent of bioinformatical analysis tools for biosynthetic gene cluster identification in combination with mass spectrometry-based molecular networking facilitated the tedious process of dereplication. In recent years several studies have been dedicated to accessing the biosynthetic potential of Actinomyces species, especially streptomycetes, by using integrated genomic and metabolomic screening in order to boost the discovery rate of new antibiotics. 
  • 683
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Tree Responses to Climatic Changes
Forest trees are complex perennial organisms that are adapted to the local environment as a result of prevailing climate conditions in population history. Because they lead a sedentary lifestyle, plants are exposed to various environmental stimuli, such as changes which can lead to the rapid adjustment or failure of their defence mechanisms. As forests play a crucial role in environmental homeostasis and are the source of many products, it is crucial to estimate the position of forest trees’ plasticity mechanisms in the face of climate change. Fast epigenetic adjustment is the basis for surviving climate fluctuations, however, the question is whether this mechanism will also be efficient if climate fluctuations increase. Epigenetic modifications enable rapid reactions to the inducing stimulus by establishing chromatin patterns and manipulating gene expression without affecting the DNA itself.
  • 683
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Interventions of Heat Shock Proteins
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age and post-menopausal women. PCOS is a multifactorial heterogeneous disorder associated with a variety of etiologies, outcomes, and clinical manifestations. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a significant role in the progression of this multifactorial disorder. Abnormal levels of HSPs are a common finding in women with PCOS, and it has been established that they are involved in many aspects of the condition, making them suitable targets for possible treatments. HSPs cannot broadly be labeled as “good” or “bad”, but simply integral factors in the mechanism of PCOS that, once disrupted, contribute to its pathogenesis and can potentially be modulated to alleviate the condition.
  • 683
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Microtubule Dynamics in Toxoplasma gondii
The success of the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii in invading host cells relies on the apical complex, a specialized microtubule cytoskeleton structure associated with secretory organelles. The T. gondii genome encodes three isoforms of both α- and β-tubulin, which undergo specific post-translational modifications (PTMs), altering the biochemical and biophysical proprieties of microtubules and modulating their interaction with associated proteins. Tubulin PTMs represent a powerful and evolutionarily conserved mechanism for generating tubulin diversity, forming a biochemical ‘tubulin code’ interpretable by microtubule-interacting factors.
  • 683
  • 25 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Systemic Sclerosis-Related Lung Fibrosis
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), or scleroderma, is an autoimmune connective tissue disease with one of the highest mortality rates among the rheumatic diseases. Fibrosis is recognized to be a defining feature of SSc, affecting the skin and multiple visceral organs. As a result, SSc is considered the prototypic fibrosing disease. 
  • 683
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
RAC1 Activation in Metastatic Cutaneous Melanoma
Metastasis is a complex process by which cancer cells escape from the primary tumor to colonize distant organs. RAC1 is a member of the RHO family of small guanosine triphosphatases that plays an important role in cancer migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. 
  • 682
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
MOB1 Homolog in the Apicomplexan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii
Monopolar spindle One Binder1 (MOB1) proteins regulate key cellular functions, namely cell multiplication and cell division. The unicellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii transitions between several morphological stages, with the need to control the number of parasites in its cellular environment. We hypothesized that MOB1 proteins could participate in the regulation of the T. gondii life cycle, having identified one MOB1 protein (TgMOB1) coded in its genome. 
  • 682
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Galectin-3 and ST2 in Cardiology
Gal3 is a protein that belongs to the family of galectins, which are beta-galactoside binding proteins. Gal3 is broadly expressed in tissues, including all types of immune cells, epithelial cells, and sensory neurons. Furthermore, it participates in a wide variety of processes involved in the genesis of fibrosis, such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. ST2 is a protein that is part of the interleukin-1 receptor, and there are two isoforms, a transmembrane receptor (ST2L) and a soluble receptor (sST2, denoted as ST2). Interleukin-33 plays a cardioprotective role. It prevents fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy through ST2L. In addition, ST2 reduces the cardioprotective effect of the Interleukin-33/ST2L pathway by binding to free interleukin-33.
  • 681
  • 11 Aug 2021
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