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Chronic headache is a topical problem of neurology, psychiatry and general practice. The medication-overuse headache (MOH) is one of the leading pathologies in the structure of chronic headache. The serum and urine proteomic biomarkers of MOH can potentially help with the identification of patients with MOH development.
Candidate serum proteomic biomarkers of MOH are shown in Table 1.
Protein Full Name | Entry Name | Gene Name | Locus | Protein Main Function | Theor. Mass. | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase | L-PGDS | PTGDS | 9q34.3 | Prostaglandin biosynthesis process | 21,029 | [23][24] |
Apolipoprotein B100 | APOB | APOB | 2p24.1 | Cholesterol metabolism | 516,651 | [23][24] |
Alpha-2-macroglobulin | A2MG | A2M | 12p13.31 | Enzyme binding | 164,613 | [23][24] |
Complement factor H | CFAH | CFH | 1q31.3 | Complement activation | 143,480 | [23][24] |
Complement C3 (fragm) | CO3 | C3 | 19p13.3 | Complement activation | 188,569 | [23][24] |
Hemopexin | HEMO | HPX | 11p15.4 | Metal ion binding | 52,385 | [23][24] |
Serum albumin | ALBU | ALB | 4q13.3 | Metal binding | 71,317 | [23][24] |
Alpha-1B-glycoprotein | AIBG | A1BG | 19q13.43 | Neutrophil, platelet degranulation | 54,790 | [23][24] |
Complement component C9 | CO9 | C9 | 5p13.1 | Complement activation | 64,615 | [23][24] |
Kininogen-1 | KNG1 | KNG1 | 3q27.3 | Cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity | 72,996 | [23][24] |
Vitronectin | VTNC | VTN | 17q11.2 | Heparin binding | 55,069 | [23][24] |
Haptoglobin | HPT | HP | 16q22.2 | Acute phase response | 45,861 | [23][24] |
Apolipoprotein A-4 | APOA4 | APOA4 | 11q23.3 | Lipid binding | 45,371 | [23][24] |
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 | A1AG1 | ORM1 | 9q32 | Inflammatory response | 23,725 | [23][24] |
Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 | PON1 | PON1 | 7q21.3 | Hydrolase | 39,877 | [23][24] |
Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein | ZA2G | AZGP1 | 7q22.1 | Protein transmembrane transporter activity | 34,465 | [23][24] |
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 2 | A1AG2 | ORM2 | 9q32 | Acute phase response | 23,873 | [23][24] |
Alpha-1-antitrypsin | A1AT | SERPINA1 | 14q32.13 | Protease inhibitor | 46,737 | [23][24] |
Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1 | IGHA1 | IGHA1 | 14q32.33 | Antigen binding | 37,655 | [23][24] |
Retinol-binding protein | RETBP | RBP4 | 10q23.33 | Retinol binding | 23,010 | [23][24] |
Transthyretin | TTHY | TTR | 18q12.1 | Hormone binding | 15,887 | [23][24] |
Apolipoprotein E | APOE | APOE | 19q13.32 | Lipid transport | 36,154 | [23][24] |
Vitamin D-binding protein | VDBP | GC | 4q13.3 | Vitamin D transport | 52,918 | [23][24] |
Candidate urine proteomic biomarkers of MOH are shown in Table 2.
Protein Full Name | Entry Name | Gene Name | Locus | Protein Main Function | Theor. Mass. | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase | L-PGDS | PTGDS | 9q34.3 | Prostaglandin biosynthesis process | 21,029 | [23][24] |
Uromodulin (or Tamm-Horsfall urinary glycoprotein) | UROM | UMOD | 16p12.3 | Cellular defense response | 69,761 | [21][23][24][25] |
Alpha-1-microglobulin | AMBP | AMBP | 9q32 | Calcium channel inhibitor activity | 38,999 | [21][23][25] |
Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein | ZAZG | AZGP1 | 7q22.1 | Protein binding | 34,259 | [21] |
Inter-alpha-trypsin heavy chain H4 | ITIH4 | ITIH4 | 3p21.1 | Acute-phase response | 103,357 | [21][23][25] |
Ig kappa chain C region | IGKC | IGKC | 2p11.2 | Complement activation | 11,765 | [21][23][25] |
Non-secretory ribonuclease | RNAS2 | RNASE2 | 14q11.2 | Chemotaxis | 18,354 | [21] |
Cystatin M | CYTM | CST6 | 11q13.1 | Cystein-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity | 16,511 | [21] |
Cystatin C | CYTC | CST3 | 20p11.21 | Cystein-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity | 15,799 | [21][24][25] |
Serum albumin | ALBU | ALB | 4q13.3 | Metal binding | 69,367 | [23][25] |
Alpha-1-antitrypsin | A1AT | SERPINA1 | 14q32.13 | Protease inhibitor | 46,737 | [23][25] |
Actin, cytoplasmic 1 | ACTB | ACTB | 7p22.1 | Cell junction assembly | 41,737 | [23][25] |
Apolipoprotein H | APOH | APOH | 17q24.2 | Heparin binding | 38,298 | [23][25] |
Serpin B3 | SPB3 | SERPINB3 | 18q21.33 | Cystein-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity | 44,565 | [23][25] |
Annexin A1 | ANXA1 | ANXA1 | 9q21.13 | Calcium ion binding | 38,714 | [23][25] |
Prostaglandin-H2-D-isomerase | PTGDS | PTGDS | 9q34.3 | Prostaglandin biosynthesis process | 21,029 | [23][24][25] |
Perlecan (fragment) | PGBM | HSPG2 | 1p36.12 | Angiogenesis | 468,830 | [23][25] |
Transthyretin | TTHY | TTR | 18q12.1 | Protein binding | 15,887 | [23][25] |
Proactivator polypeptide | SAP | PSAP | 10q22.1 | Enzyme activator activity | 58,113 | [23][25] |
Nuclear transport factor 2 | NTF2 | NUTF2 | 16q22.1 | Positive regulation of protein import into nucleus | 14,478 | [23][25] |
Fatty acid-binding protein | FABP5 | FABP5 | 8q21.13 | Fatty acid binding | 15,164 | [23][25] |
Beta-2-microglobulin | B2MG | B2M | 15q21.1 | Antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I | 13,715 | [23][25] |
Protein S100-A11 | S10AB | S100A11 | 1q21.3 | Calcium ion binding | 11,740 | [23][25] |
Non-secretory ribonuclease | RNAS2 | RNASE2 | 14q11.2 | Chemotaxis | 18,354 | [23][25] |
Protein S100-A8 | S10A8 | S100A8 | 1q21.3 | Calcium ion binding | 10,835 | [23][25] |