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Topic Review
Selenium and Selenocompounds in Lymphoma
 Lymphomas have been increasing at an alarming rate globally and causing deaths worldwide due to the lack of effective therapies. Among different pharmacological agents, selenium (Se) and selenium-related compounds are widely tested and have gained interest as anticancer agents due to their selectivity to cancer and high efficacy for lymphoma treatment over recent decades. Se is a trace non-metallic element identified as an essential micronutrient that mediates a range of biological functions after incorporation into selenoproteins (SePs), and thus affects the overall quality of human health. Specifically, low levels of Se in serum have been linked with aberrant immune functions, cancer, inflammatory diseases, and predictive of worse outcomes in patients with hematological malignancies including lymphoma. Over the past, a number of promising selenium compounds (SeCs) have been developed to mimic and alter the functions of SePs to achieve pharmacological interventions such as anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities with minimal adverse effects by suitable chemical substitution. 
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
LightScribe
LightScribe is an optical disc recording technology that was created by the Hewlett-Packard Company. It uses specially coated recordable CD and DVD media to produce laser-etched labels with text or graphics, as opposed to stick-on labels and printable discs. Although HP is no longer developing the technology, it is still maintained and supported by a number of independent enthusiasts. The LightScribe method uses the laser in a way similar to when plain data are written to the disc; a greyscale image of the label is etched (physically burned) onto the upper side of the disc using a laser. In the beginning, the discs were available only in a sepia color but later became available in many monochromatic colors. The purpose of LightScribe is to allow users to create direct-to-disc labels (as opposed to stick-on labels), using their optical disc writer. Special discs and a compatible disc writer are required. Before or after burning data to the read-side of the disc, the user turns the disc over and inserts it with the label side down. The drive's laser then burns the label side in such a way that an image is produced. (see Thermal printing; LightScribe uses a laser instead of a thermal printing head)
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
GNU Build System
The GNU Build System, also known as the Autotools, is a suite of programming tools designed to assist in making source code packages portable to many Unix-like systems. It can be difficult to make a software program portable: the C compiler differs from system to system; certain library functions are missing on some systems; header files may have different names. One way to handle this is to write conditional code, with code blocks selected by means of preprocessor directives (#ifdef); but because of the wide variety of build environments this approach quickly becomes unmanageable. Autotools is designed to address this problem more manageably. Autotools is part of the GNU toolchain and is widely used in many free software and open source packages. Its component tools are free software-licensed under the GNU General Public License with special license exceptions permitting its use with proprietary software. The GNU Build System makes it possible to build many programs using a two-step process: configure followed by make.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Anthocyanins in Nano-Delivery Systems
Anthocyanins are among the best-known phenolic compounds and possess remarkable biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects. Despite their therapeutic benefits, they are not widely used as health-promoting agents due to their instability, low absorption, and, thus, low bioavailability and rapid metabolism in the human body. Research suggests that the application of nanotechnology could increase their solubility and/or bioavailability, and thus their biological potential. 
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Focke-Achgelis Fa 223
The Focke-Achgelis Fa 223 Drache (English: Dragon) was a helicopter developed by Germany during World War II. A single 750-kilowatt (1,010 hp) Bramo 323 radial engine powered two three-bladed 11.9-metre (39 ft) rotors mounted on twin booms on either side of the 12.2-metre-long (40 ft) cylindrical fuselage. Although the Fa 223 is noted for being the first helicopter to attain production status, production of the helicopter was hampered by Allied bombing of the factory, and only 20 were built. The Fa 223 could cruise at 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph) with a top speed of 182 km/h (113 mph), and climb to an altitude of 7,100 m (23,300 ft). The Drache could transport cargo loads of over 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) at cruising speeds of 121 km/h (75 mph) and altitudes approaching 2,440 m (8,010 ft).
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Paper-Based Microfluidic Chips
Traditional detectors mostly consist of complex structures that are difficult to use. However, paper-based microfluidic chips combine the advantages of small size, high efficiency, easy processing and environmental protection. Paper-based microfluidic chips for biomedical applications focus on efficiency, accuracy, integration and innovation. As a result, continuous progress has been observed in the transition from single-channel to multi-channel detection and from qualitative to quantitative detection. These developments have improved the efficiency and accuracy of single cells and biochemical markers detection. Paper-based microfluidic chips can provide insights into multiple fields, including biomedicine and other related fields.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Guinea Worm Disease
Dracunculiasis, also known as Guinea worm disease (GWD), is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by a parasite (Dracunculus medinensis). In the past, dracunculiasis was known as “the disease of the empty granary” because of the difficulties patients had in going to work in fields or to school when affected by this disease. In tropical areas, the condition has been widespread in economically disadvantaged communities, and has been associated with reduced economic status and low levels of education. By development and optimization of multi-layered control measures, transmission by the vector has been interrupted, but there are foci in several African countries with a high risk of compromising the results obtained in the control of this neglected disease. 
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Composites: Their Carbon Footprint
A composite can be defined as a material composed of at least two major components that contribute in complementary ways to achieving desired performance attributes. The term “carbon footprint” is often used to refer to the same concerns, since the net emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere is known to contribute to increases in average temperatures at ground level on the planet.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Water Nutrient Management in Soilless Plant Cultivation
Under-cover soilless cultivation is an important technique of crop production. Due to the lack of contact with soil and precipitation, the root system of crops grown must be provided with water and all necessary nutrients in the form of a solution (nutrient medium). This nutrient medium needs to be fed in excess to ensure proper plant development and the expected qualitative and quantitative parameters of the crop yield, which means that in the case of, e.g., tomato cultivation, 20–80% of the supplied medium must be removed from the root system and managed. Uncontrolled discharge of this drainage water poses a significant threat to the environment, causing contamination of surface waters and groundwaters. 
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Sensors in Civil Engineering
The vital role of civil engineering is to enable the development of modern cities and establish foundations for smart and sustainable urban environments of the future. Quantum sensors with unprecedented measurement sensitivity, accuracy, and robustness unveil novel capabilities for city planners and decision-makers to cope with the multifaceted challenges of future cities. Being one of the first-in-the-field studies advocating for adopting quantum sensors across four primary domains of civil engineering, the basis for the discourse about the scope and timeline for the beginning of the quantum transformation of civil engineering was established.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Importance of Destination Attributes of Sustainable Urban Waterfronts
The waterfront area refers to the region in a town or city that borders a body of water, emphasizing the relationship between land and water. Destination attributes were grouped into two types: sustainable landscapes (aesthetics, water resource rehabilitation, sustainable lighting, emotional experiences, and low-impact development waterfronts) and sustainable recreational spaces (leisure activities, festivals, inclusive destinations, photography, and tourist experiences). Two destination attributes common to-- both types were identified: nightscapes and waterfronts. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Polyamines Catabolism
Polyamines (PAs) are organic polycations found ubiquitously in organisms, and, in mammals, they are mainly represented by putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm) and their acetylated forms.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticle Number Concentration
The entry analyzes suspended particles number concentrations of 61 size fractions (184 nm to 17,165 nm) in the air at a traffic location. The average course of the individual fractions was analyzed at various intervals – daily, weekly, monthly and annually, in the period between 2017 and 2019. The data was then used to calculate the arithmetic mean for all the fractions (MS Excel, R) and then using a proprietary web application, heatmaps were constructed. The obtained results showed significant differences in both the annual and daily variation of number concentrations between the individual fractions differing in particle size. In the case of the annual variation, one can see a greater variability of smaller particles, which is most likely due to the source of the actual suspended particles. Meteorological and dispersion conditions are found as important factors for suspended particle concentrations. These can lead to significant differences from year to year. However, a comparison between 2018 and 2019 showed that even though the average absolute number concentrations can differ between years, the actual relative number concentrations, i.e. the ratios between the individual fractions remain very similar. In conclusion it can be said that the difference between the number concentration variation of the size fractions depends on both the actual pollution sources (especially in the long-term, i.e. the annual variation) and the actual size of the particles, which plays a role especially in the short-term (daily, weekly variation).
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Endophytic B. Subtilis
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a valuable food crop with great importance in ensuring food security worldwide. One of the most acute problems of modern agriculture and food industry is the loss of potato tubers (about 40-60% of the total harvest) during storage from diseases. Beneficial antagonistic bacteria  Bacillus subtilis, generally recognized as safe microorganisms (GRAS) to use in the food industry, are considered a bio‐active and eco‐friendly agent for controlling postharvest decays of potato. Of special interests are endophytic B. subtilis, living inside plant tissues, which allows them to be less dependent on external environmental factors (compared to rhizosphere and phyllosphere strains) while exhibiting "useful" features. Due to it is difficult to select an individual effective microbial strain with a broad spectrum of activity against a range of pathogens an interest is co-application of B. subtilis with other methods (biological, physical) in an integrated vision of disease management. In this study, the effect of endophytic B. subtilis (strains 10‐4, 26D) and their compositions with salicylic acid (SA) on some resistance and quality traits of stored potatoes infected with Fusarium oxysporum-caused dry rot were studied. The results that are presented here establish that the treatment of potato tubers immediately before storage with endophytic bacteria B. subtilis (10‐4, 26D) individually and in combinations with SA reduced the incidence of F. oxysporum‐mediated dry rot (up to 50%) in potatoes during long‐term storage, with the highest protective effect upon application of composition B. subtilis 10‐4 + SA.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Pharmacology of CQ/HCQ and COVID-19
Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been proposed as treatments for COVID-19. These drugs have been studied for many decades, primarily in the context of their use as antimalarials, where they induce oxidative stress-killing of the malarial parasite. Less appreciated, however, is evidence showing that CQ/HCQ causes systemic oxidative stress. In vitro and observational data suggest that CQ/HCQ can be repurposed as potential antiviral medications.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Water Resilience
Analyze from a holistic and comprehensive perspective the water resource in the water cycle context and its relationships in the various environments for the strategic approach to resilience as a way to sustainability.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a condition that affects sexual development before birth and during puberty. People with this condition are genetically male, with one X chromosome and one Y chromosome in each cell. Because their bodies are unable to respond to certain male sex hormones (called androgens), they may have mostly female external sex characteristics or signs of both male and female sexual development.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Lung Ultrasound
Lung ultrasound has become increasingly used in both adult and pediatric populations, allowing the rapid evaluation of many lung and pleura diseases. 
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Antibiotic Resistance in Bronchiectasis
Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis is a chronic disorder in which immune system dysregulation and impaired airway clearance cause mucus accumulation and consequent increased susceptibility to lung infections. The presence of pathogens in the lower respiratory tract causes a vicious circle resulting in impaired mucociliary function, bronchial inflammation, and progressive lung injury. In current guidelines, antibiotic therapy has a key role in bronchiectasis management to treat acute exacerbations and chronic infection and to eradicate bacterial colonization. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Zn(II) AIEgens: “Clip Approach”
 Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) compounds display a photophysical phenomenon inwhich the aggregate state exhibits stronger emission than the isolated units. The common term of“AIEgens” was coined to describe compounds undergoing the AIE effect. Due to the recent interestin AIEgens, the search for novel hybrid organic–inorganic compounds with unique luminescenceproperties in the aggregate phase is a relevant goal. In this perspective, the abundant, inexpensive,and nontoxic d10 zinc cation offers unique opportunities for building AIE active fluorophores, sensingprobes, and bioimaging tools. Considering the novelty of the topic, relevant examples collected inthe last 5 years (2016–2021) through scientific production can be considered fully representative ofthe state-of-the-art. Starting from the simple phenomenological approach and considering differenttypological and chemical units and structures, we focused on zinc-based AIEgens offering syntheticnovelty, research completeness, and relevant applications. A special section was devoted to Zn(II)-based AIEgens for living cell imaging as the novel technological frontier in biology and medicine.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Jul 2021
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