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Topic Review
Immunotherapies Targeting the Tumour Microenvironment
Brain tumour malignancies, especially glioblastoma multiform (GBM), characteristically reflect an abysmal disease prognosis with high mortality rates in both adult and paediatric populations. In adults, GBM is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumour, accounting for 15% of central nervous system (CNS) tumours, and 50.1% of malignancies, representing the most frequent form of primary malignant brain tumour. 
  • 607
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Reactive Oxygen Species in Development of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a heterogeneous disease with several subtypes that differ in their gene expression, tumor origin, pathway alterations, and pathogenesis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are oxygen ions with unpaired electrons (singlet oxygen 1O2, superoxide O2·−) or oxygen-containing molecules, such as hydroxyl radicals (OH·−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
  • 607
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Inadequate Treatment Evidence for BRCA-Positive Male Breast Cancer
Male breast cancer (MBC) is an orphan disease that is on the rise but remains understudied. Mutations in genes sensitive to DNA damage response, BRCA1 and BRCA2, are strongly implicated in MBC development. Evidence-based guidance for the treatment of MBC that have BRCA mutations is lacking with most published data arising from retrospective or case studies with small patient cohorts. There is a growing understanding that male and female BCs are distinct diseases with different clinicopathological and molecular characteristics. Despite extensive advancements in other BRCA-positive malignancies, there remains a striking unmet need for dedicated research for BRCA-related MBC to better understand and optimise clinical management for this subgroup of patients. Such studies are imperative to circumvent the scant information available currently to provide optimal screening and treatment strategies that are tailored for BRCA-positive MBC patients.
  • 607
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
cfDNA and ctDNA as Oncologic Markers
The detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in liquid biopsy samples as an oncological marker is being used in clinical trials at every step of clinical management. As ctDNA-based liquid biopsy kits are developed and used in clinics, companies work towards increased convenience, accuracy, and cost over solid biopsies and other oncological markers. The technology used to differentiate ctDNA and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) continues to improve with new tests and methodologies being able to detect down to mutant allele frequencies of 0.001% or 1/100,000 copies. 
  • 607
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Treatment Algorithm in Cancer-Associated Thrombosis
Patients with cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) are at high risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) and major bleeding complications.
  • 606
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Genetics of Parathyroid Carcinoma
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare endocrine malignancy that accounts for less than 1% of parathyroid tumors. Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare disease that needs an additional diagnostic tool and wide therapeutic options. The genomics and proteomics approach may help to find the tools to improve the prognosis of the disease by early detection and metastatic control. 
  • 606
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Gynecologic Oligometastases
Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) allows for the high-precision delivery of a large dose of radiation to a small area. SBRT has shown overall survival benefits in a variety of oligometastatic cancers. No prospective randomized study specifically evaluated the impact of SBRT in recurrent or oligometastatic gynecologic cancer (ROMGC). SBRT has been shown to provide excellent local control with low toxicity in gynecologic oligometastases, even in chemorefractory disease. 
  • 606
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Deciphering the Signaling Mechanisms of Osteosarcoma Tumorigenesis
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the predominant primary bone tumor in the pediatric and adolescent populations. It has high metastatic potential, with the lungs being the most common site of metastasis. In contrast to many other sarcomas, OS lacks conserved translocations or genetic mutations; instead, it has heterogeneous abnormalities, including somatic DNA copy number alteration, ploidy, chromosomal amplification, and chromosomal loss and gain.
  • 606
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Relevance of Fish Oil in Gastrointestinal-Cancer-Associated Cachexia
Fish oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which aid in energy metabolism and utilizing fatty acids high in energy density. It has been shown to reduce levels of pro-inflammatory mediators because fish oil contains high amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In a study of GI cancer patients undergoing surgical intervention, adding fish oil to arginine improved post-surgical outcomes and shortened recovery compared to no nutritional support in 305 patients.
  • 606
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Lung Cancer Screening with Low-Dose CT in Europe
Lung cancer screening (LCS) with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) was demonstrated in the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) to reduce mortality from the disease. European mortality data has become available from the Nelson randomised controlled trial, which confirmed lung cancer mortality reductions by 26% in men and 39–61% in women. 
  • 606
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Overweight and Checkpoint Inhibitor for Gynecologic Cancer
Checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) marked a paradigm shift in the therapy of a variety of advanced solid tumors, CPIs were successfully implemented as first-line options for many non-gynecologic malignancies, such as malignant melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), or renal cell cancer.
  • 605
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
An Overview of the Main Rising Driver Alterations
Mesenchymal Epithelial Transition (MET) is a proto-oncogene encoding for a tyrosine kinase receptor that binds hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a protein involved in many crucial processes, including cell survival, migration and invasion. 
  • 605
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Immunotherapy and Radiotherapy
Immunotherapy, the modern oncological treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has been part of the clinical practice for malignant melanoma for more than a decade. Anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), anti-programmed cell death Protein 1 (PD-1), or anti programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) agents are currently part of the therapeutic arsenal of metastatic or relapsed disease in numerous cancers; more recently, they have also been evaluated and validated as consolidation therapy in the advanced local stage. The combination with radiotherapy, a treatment historically considered loco-regional, changes the paradigm, offering—via synergistic effects—the potential to increase immune-mediated tumor destruction.
  • 605
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Organoids in Precision Medicine for PDAC
Despite recent therapeutic advances, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most aggressive malignancies, with remarkable resistance to treatment, poor prognosis, and poor clinical outcome. More efficient therapeutic approaches are urgently needed to improve patients’ survival. The development of organoid culture systems has gained substantial attention as an emerging preclinical research model. PDAC organoids have been developed to study pancreatic cancer biology, progression, and treatment response, filling the translational gap between in vitro and in vivo models
  • 605
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
mTORi in Immunosuppression after Liver Transplantation
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignancy of the liver and the third cause of cancer-related mortality. Liver transplantation is a treatment option for nonresectable patients with early-stage HCC, with more significant advantages when Milan criteria are fulfilled. mTOR inhibitors (mTORi) have been introduced as an alternative immunosuppressive approach to conventional conventional calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs)-based regimens to address both immunosuppression and cancer control. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling pathway regulates protein translation, cell growth, and metabolism, and the pathway is frequently deregulated in human tumours.
  • 604
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cell-Cell Junctions in Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Cell–cell junctions comprise various structures, including adherens junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. They link cells to each other in tissues and regulate tissue homeostasis in critical cellular processes. Recent advances in cell–cell junction research have led to critical discoveries. Cell–cell adhesion components are important for the invasion and metastasis of tumour cells, which are not only related to cell–cell adhesion changes, but they are also involved in critical molecular signal pathways. They are of great significance, especially given that relevant molecular mechanisms are being discovered, there are an increasing number of emerging biomarkers, targeted therapies are becoming a future therapeutic concern, and there is an increased number of therapeutic agents undergoing clinical trials. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the most common histological subtype of oesophageal cancer, is one of the most common cancers to affect epithelial tissue. ESCC progression is accompanied by the abnormal expression or localisation of components at cell–cell junctions.
  • 603
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic rewiring in glioblastoma microenvironment
Brain cancer cells exist with the glial cells in a functional syncytium based on a continuous metabolic rewiring, which supports the tumor growth. Standard glioma therapies do not account for the effects of the glial cells within the tumor microenvironment and this may be a possible reason for the lack of improvements in patients with high-grade gliomas therapies. Cell metabolism and bioenergetic fitness depend on the availability of nutrients and interactions in the microenvironment. It is strictly related to the cell location in the tumor mass, proximity to blood vessels, biochemical gradients, and tumor evolution. Bioinformatic and computational studies help to disengage the complexity of the metabolism in modules. Based on the literature findings, we identified eight main metabolic modules that can be considered during the disease progression, and their fluxes could be integrated to establish targeted time-dependent therapies.
  • 602
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Metastatic Breast Cancer: Cytopathology Combined with Molecular Analysis
Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains in most cases an incurable disease with genetic complexity and heterogeneity. Improvements in classification and management have been introduced, in addition to the development of endocrine and anti-HER2 targeted therapies. Cytological material can be processed for ancillary testing for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Reassessment of receptor status is indicated due to changes in tumor biology and metastatic presentation. Program Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression is the only approved biomarker for predicting immune checkpoint inhibitor response in metastatic TNBC, evaluated by immunostaining. The feasibility of applying PD-L1 assays in MBC cytological samples can be recommended, with the adoption of a combined positive score. Non-formalin cytological samples provide higher purity, cellular yield, and better tumor fraction for single-multi gene assays. In MBC, molecular tests enable personalized therapy such as PIK3CA, NTRK fusion genes, and microsatellite instability (MSI). Cytopathology combined with molecular analysis must be performed effectively in routine clinical practice, through procedure standardization and experience dissemination.
  • 602
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Perioperative Tailored Treatments for Gastric Cancer
Resectable gastric or gastroesophageal (G/GEJ) cancer is a heterogeneous disease with no defined molecularly based treatment strategy. The half of patients experience disease recurrence despite standard treatments (neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy/chemoradiotherapy and surgery).
  • 602
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Claudin in Gastric Cancer
An analysis of claudin proteins has proposed the subdivision of the claudin family into ‘classic’ and ‘non-classic’ groups, according to the alternative splicing of the CLDN18 gene exons, and the classic (CLDNs 1–10, CLDN14, CLDN15, CLDN17, CLDN19) and non-classic types (CLDN 11–13, CLDN16, CLDN18, and CLDNs 20–24).
  • 602
  • 27 Feb 2024
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