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Topic Review
The Response of Primary Metabolites to Abiotic Stresses
Several environmental stresses, including biotic and abiotic factors, adversely affect the growth and development of crops, thereby lowering their yield. However, abiotic factors, e.g., drought, salinity, cold, heat, ultraviolet radiations (UVr), reactive oxygen species (ROS), trace metals (TM), and soil pH, are extremely destructive and decrease crop yield worldwide. The response of different plant species to such stresses is a complex phenomenon with individual features for several species. Metabolomics is a promising way to interpret biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The study of metabolic profiling revealed different types of metabolites, e.g., amino acids, carbohydrates, phenols, polyamines, terpenes, etc, which are accumulated in plants. Among all, primary metabolites, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids polyamines, and glycine betaine, are considered the major contributing factors that work as osmolytes and osmoprotectants for plants from various environmental stress factors. Therefore, metabolomics practices are becoming essential and influential in plants by identifying different phytochemicals that are part of the acclimation responses to various stimuli.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Drone-Integrated Geographic Information System Technology
Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have gained numerous applications due to their low cost, ease of use, vertical takeover and landing, and ability to operate in high-risk or hard-to-reach areas. Geographic Information System (GIS) refers to a field of science that involves the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth. GIS is a comprehensive framework that includes the processes of acquiring, retaining, modifying, examining, and presenting geographical data in an effective and streamlined way.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Impacts of AV and CAV Technologies
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) and connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) are expected to have a significant impact on highways. The capacity impact of AVs will change based on their penetration in the vehicle fleet. For medium-term planning horizons, AVs will reduce capacities, whereas for long-term planning horizons and the buildout, capacities will be positively impacted. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Venom Constituents of Rattlesnake Venoms
Venom components are invaluable in biomedical research owing to their specificity and potency. Many of these components exist in two genera of rattlesnakes, Crotalus and Sistrurus, with high toxicity and proteolytic activity variation. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Classification Techniques
Eight classification techniques, including Multi-Layered Perceptron (MLP), Gaussian Naïve Bayes (NB), Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Tree classifier (DT), K-Nearest Neighbor classifier (KNN), Random Forest classifier (RF), Support Vector Machine classifier (SVM), and AdaBoost (AB) were applied to model and predict the CC-SoC. Moreover, these methods were employed to compare the performance of different classifiers and obtain the highest possible accuracy. The classifiers were briefly explained in this section.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Role of SLC7A11 in Cancer Metabolism
Solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) is a cell transmembrane protein composing the light chain of system xc−, transporting extracellular cystine into cells for cysteine production and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. SLC7A11 is a critical gateway for redox homeostasis by maintaining the cellular levels of GSH that counter cellular oxidative stress and suppress ferroptosis. SLC7A11 is overexpressed in various human cancers and regulates tumor development, proliferation, metastasis, microenvironment, and treatment resistance.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Lipidomics in Human Brain
One of the richest tissues in lipid content and diversity of the human body is the brain. Glycerophospholipids are the main lipid category widely distributed in neural cell membranes, with a very significant presence for the ether lipid subclass. Ether lipids have played a key role in the evolution of the human brain compositional specificity and functionality. Ether lipids determine the neural membrane structural and functional properties, membrane trafficking, cell signaling and antioxidant defense mechanisms. 
  • 1.3K
  • 28 May 2023
Topic Review
Functional Properties of Passion Fruit Seed Extract
The genus Passiflora L. is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. The major species, Passiflora edulis Sims, is known as ‘passion fruit’ and is widely used in processed foods as well as eaten raw. P. edulis fruits are eaten for their pulp together with the seeds; however, the seeds are often discarded when used in processed foods. P. edulis seeds contain a variety of nutrients and functional components, and their industrial use is desirable from the perspective of waste reduction.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Tactile and Force Sensors for Human–Machine Interaction
Human–Machine Interface (HMI) plays a key role in the interaction between people and machines, which allows people to easily and intuitively control the machine and immersively experience the virtual world of the meta-universe by virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR) technology. Wearable skin-integrated tactile and force sensors are widely used in immersive human–machine interactions due to their ultra-thin, ultra-soft, conformal characteristics. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Ccr4–Not Complex
This entry mainly gives an overview of the structure of the Ccr4-Not complex, its major components and their enzymatic activities. In the accompanying manuscript the biological roles of the complex is discussed in detail as well as clinical conditions associa
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cellulose/Graphene Composites for Tissue Engineering
Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles of engineering and life sciences to obtain biomaterials capable of maintaining, improving, or substituting the function of various tissues or even an entire organ. In virtue of its high availability, biocompatibility, and versatility, cellulose was considered a promising platform for such applications. The combination of cellulose with graphene or graphene derivatives leads to the obtainment of superior composites in terms of cellular attachment, growth and proliferation, integration into host tissue, and stem cell differentiation toward specific lineages.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Avocado Conservation
Avocado is sensitive to desiccation, chilling and freezing stress and is recalcitrant for seed banking. Field-based living germplasm collections are currently the most used conservation method to protect and preserve the genetic diversity of this species. Cryopreservation offers a secure long-term method to maintain avocado genetic resources in a space efficient and de-risked manner. 
  • 1.3K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Acetylcholine Receptors
Acetylcholine is a widely distributed excitatory neurotransmitter. Within the human body, it is present in both branches of the autonomic nervous system: within the parasympathetic system in pre- and postganglionic cells, and within the sympathetic system in preganglionic cells. It is also a neurotransmitter at the periphery within the neuromuscular junction.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ketogenic Dietary Therapies in Autism
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with increasing incidence. An expanding body of literature is examining connections between ASD and dietary interventions. Existing reports suggest a beneficial effect of ketogenic dietary therapies (KDTs) in improving behavioral symptoms in ASD.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Myofunctional Therapy in Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Myofunctional therapy (MFT) may have a role in improving muscle tone and alleviating upper airway collapse in sleep-disordered breathing. The purposes of this state-of-the-art review are to first review systematically the current literature on the effectiveness of MFT in treating sleep-disordered breathing and then to provide an overview of the current understanding of patient selection, side effects, type and duration of exercises, guidance of exercise performance, evaluation of results, and how best to promote adherence. PubMed (Medline), the Cochrane Library, and the EMBASE, Scopus and SciELO databases were checked for relevant studies by three authors, and a total of 23 studies were included.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have been considered as electric power sources for cars, as well as stationary and portable power sources, due to their high energy efficiency, ease of operation, and environmental friendliness. Furthermore, as a promising power source, integrating PEMFCs into microgrids, which are a common structure in the smart grid framework, has been gaining traction around the world, encouraging the usage of hydrogen energy.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Evapotranspiration Measurement
Detailed knowledge of energy and mass fluxes between land and the atmosphere are necessary to monitor the climate of the land and effectively exploit it in growing agricultural commodities. One of the important surface land fluxes is evapotranspiration, which combines the process of evaporation from the soil and that of transpiration from plants, describing the movement of water vapour from the land to the atmosphere. Accurately estimating evapotranspiration in agricultural systems is of high importance for efficient use of water resources and precise irrigation scheduling operations that will lead to improved water use efficiency. 
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy (CP) is defined as a group of permanent disorders in the development of movements and postures, provoking limitations on activity, attributed to non-progressive disturbances that occurred in the development of the foetal or infant brain.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Transnational Municipal Networks
TMNs are considered crucial in creating the framework for political actions against climate change. TMNs give cities the opportunities to directly group themselves into transnational networks active on a specific theme or objective. The recognized importance of these networks is directly linked with the key role cities play in taking actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Compounds Present in Oilseeds
Oilseeds are a great source of affordable and potent bioactive compounds (e.g., carotenes, flavonoids, PUFAs, organosulphur compounds, phytosterols, and polyphenols) generally used in the pharmaceutical (anti-microbial toxins, adjuvants for cancer therapy, cholesterol-lowering therapeutics), agricultural (animal welfare) and cosmetic (oil-based creams) industries. However, oilseeds also contain certain molecules called anti-nutrients, which are toxic compounds synthesized by plants as a defense mechanism. Controlling these compound’s amounts, namely glucosinolates and phytic acid, is essential to maximize beneficial effects over toxicity.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jul 2022
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