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Topic Review
Phenotypes of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a Mendelian disorder that can affect both left and right ventricles. It is most often associated with pathogenic desmosomal variants that can lead to fibrofatty replacement of the myocardium, a pathological hallmark of this disease.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Destination Foodscapes
Foodscape conceptualizes the dynamic human–food–place nexus. Tourism provides a cross-cultural context where tourists can consume different destination foods and places, during which multiple types of destination foodscapes are produced. It is an aggregative concept interconnecting the place, identity, culture, foodstuff, service and human and provides scholars relational thinking about these actors. Specifically in the consumer and cultural studies, foodscape helps to understand how people consume and experience food in interaction with the environments and social-cultural contexts. They connect with each other to form a complete gastronomic experiencescape.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Current Threat Landscape of Botnets
Botnets have been around for about three decades, and their sophistication and capabilities have evolved rapidly over the period. Originally simple codes that were used for the administration of IRC channels, botnets today pose very formidable threats to systems and network infrastructure. They have become one of the more-preferred options in the toolkit of hackers and cybercriminals; particularly due to their ability to subvert and overrun secure infrastructures within a relatively short time. Research has greatly advanced in trying to keep up with the rapid evolution of the botnet threat. At this time, it is important to review the status of the threat, vis-á-vis the extent of research that has emerged in relation to the threat. This is crucial for understanding the future prospects of the threat, in terms of where it is headed next; as well as what research areas require more work. This exploratory research serves this purpose. It introduces the botnet threat from its early origins; then it traverses the current status of botnets, and summarizes research efforts so far (highlighting some limitations of modern countermeasures). It further goes on to discuss the future trends of botnets and botnet research, before bringing it together to present the current threat landscape.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Class E Power Amplifier
This entry aims to solve a problem that exists with impedance matching networks in terms of extra cost and power loss of electronic components in a four-coil wireless power transfer (WPT) system using class E power amplifier as power supply, which is not conducive to the improvement of system efficiency and output power. A design method of sharing the resonant inductor in class E power amplifier and the excitation coil in the four-coil WPT system is proposed. This method comprehensively considers the output power and transfer efficiency of the system, the number of coil turns, coil size and many other factors. Compared with the traditional four-coil system using a class E power amplifier as a power supply, the proposed method simplified the system structure by leaving out a resonant inductor and load matching circuit, which can reduce the power loss of system and improve efficiency. Moreover, the precisely tuning of resonant inductor was not necessary, which improved the stability of the system. The correctness and feasibility of the parameter design method were verified by experiments. The experimental results showed that the output power of the system was increased by 18.7%, the efficiency was increased by 11%, and the transmission distance was up to 0.7 m, which is suitable for wireless power supply of electronics and sensors.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Cancer
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is a heterogeneous cancer that tends to occur in the more common sporadic forms rather than the rare inherited forms. The process of initiation and formation of neoplastic cells in the GI tract can be classified into four main mechanisms: (i) inherited transmission of mutations; (ii) exposure to different carcinogens; (iii) chronic inflammatory conditions/microbial dysbiosis; and (iv) sporadic mutations and epigenetic changes.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
User Experience
User experience (UX)19 refers to the feelings of users’ feelings before, during and after using a product or system, including emotions, beliefs, preferences, etc. Zahidi et al.20 pointed out that the factors that affect user experience were the driving factors that triggered user satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Moreover, user satisfaction depends on user needs, expectations, and existing user experience.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Natural Compounds and Lymphoma
       Lymphoma is a group of blood malignancies that develop from lymphocytes        A natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature. In the broadest sense, natural products include any substance produced by life.         Cancer systems biology encompasses the application of systems biology approaches to cancer research, in order to study the disease as a complex adaptive system with emerging properties at multiple biological scales.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
TRPV1 Channel
The Transient Receptor Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) or capsaicin receptor is a nonselective cation channel, which is abundantly expressed in nociceptors. This channel is a crucial transducer and molecular Integrator of several noxious stimuli, having a pivotal role in pain development. Several TRPV1 studies have focused on understanding its structure and function, as well as on the identification of compounds that regulate its activity. The intracellular roles of these channels have also been explored, highlighting TRPV1′s actions in the homeostasis of Ca2+ in organelles such as the mitochondria. These studies have evidenced how the activation of TRPV1 affects mitochondrial functions and how this organelle can regulate TRPV1-mediated nociception. The close relationship between this channel and mitochondria has been determined in neuronal and non-neuronal cells, demonstrating that TRPV1 activation strongly impacts on cell physiology.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Actin-accumulation Myopathy
Actin-accumulation myopathy is a disorder that primarily affects skeletal muscles, which are muscles that the body uses for movement. People with actin-accumulation myopathy have severe muscle weakness (myopathy) and poor muscle tone (hypotonia) throughout the body. Signs and symptoms of this condition are apparent in infancy and include feeding and swallowing difficulties, a weak cry, and difficulty with controlling head movements. Affected babies are sometimes described as "floppy" and may be unable to move on their own.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Chromosome 21
Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. Two copies of chromosome 21, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Androgens
Androgens represent the main hormones responsible for maintaining hormonal balance and function in the prostate and testis. As they are involved in prostate and testicular carcinogenesis, more detailed information of their active concentration at the site of action is required. Since the introduction of the term intracrinology as the local formation of active steroid hormones from inactive precursors of the adrenal gland, mainly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-S, it is evident that blood circulating levels of sex steroid hormones need not reflect their actual concentrations in the tissue.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Graphene Oxide Derivatives
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has been considered as one of the most powerful analytical tools for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of large molecular weight compounds such as proteins, nucleic acids, and synthetic polymers thanks to its high sensitivity, high resolution, and compatibility with high-throughput analysis. Despite these advantages, MALDI cannot be applied to MS analysis of small molecular weight compounds (<500 Da) because of the matrix interference in low mass region. Therefore, numerous efforts have been devoted to solving this issue by using metal, semiconductor, and carbon nanomaterials for MALDI time-of-flight MS (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis instead of organic matrices. Among those nanomaterials, graphene oxide (GO) is of particular interest considering its unique and highly tunable chemical structures composed of the segregated sp2 carbon domains surrounded by sp3 carbon matrix.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Biodiesel Sector
As Earth’s fossil energy resources are limited, there is a growing need for renewable resources such as biodiesel. That is the reason why the social, economic and environmental impacts of biofuels became an important research topic in the last decade. Depleted stocks of crude oil and the significant level of environmental pollution encourage researchers and professionals to seek and find solutions. The study aims to analyze the economic and sustainability issues of biodiesel production by a systematic literature review. During this process, 53 relevant studies were analyzed out of 13,069 identified articles. Every study agrees that there are several concerns about the first generation technology; however, further generations cannot be price-competitive at this moment due to the immature technology and high production costs. However, there are promising alternatives, such as wastewater-based microalgae with up to 70% oil content, fat, oils and grease (FOG), when production cost is below 799 USD/gallon, and municipal solid waste-volatile fatty acids technology, where the raw material is free. Proper management of the co-products (mainly glycerol) is essential, especially at the currently low petroleum prices (0.29 USD/L), which can only be handled by the biorefineries. Sustainability is sometimes translated as cost efficiency, but the complex interpretation is becoming more common. Common elements of sustainability are environmental and social, as well as economic, issues.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue and FoxO1
Forkhead box O class proteins (FoxOs) are expressed nearly in all tissues and are involved in different functions such as energy metabolism, redox homeostasis and differentiation. The plasticity of FoxOs is demonstrated by post-translational modifications that determine diverse levels of transcriptional regulations also controlled by their subcellular localization. Among the different members of the FoxO family, we focused on FoxO1 in adipose tissue, where it is abundantly expressed and is involved in differentiation and transdifferentiation processes. The capability of FoxO1 to respond differently in dependence of adipose tissue subtype underlines the specific involvement of the transcription factor in energy metabolism and the “browning” process of adipocytes. FoxO1 can localize to nuclear, cytoplasm, and mitochondrial compartments of adipocytes responding to different availability of nutrients and source of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Jatropha Curcas Biodiesel
J. Curcas is a small and medium sized fern tree, rising to around 5–7 m tall, belonging to the Euphorbiaceae genus, consisting of approximately 800 species, around 321 genera. Jatropha is an herb immune to famine, with a lifespan of around fifty years. It is also called physic nut and Ratanjayot. J. Curcas will generate 2000 L/ha of oil annually. JCL oil is transesterified primarily into (m)ethyl esters (biofuels) and glycerol. One of the greatest challenges of the 21st century is to fulfill the growing energy needs sustainably and cost-effectively. Among the different sources of energy, biodiesel is one of the alternative energy sources that has tremendous potential to become a major mainstream renewable energy mix. Jatropha is an important raw input for biodiesel that provides an ecological and sustainable solution for emerging greenhouse gas emissions over the other biomass feedstock. 
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Kummell’s Disease
KD is an eponym for a delayed post-traumatic bone osteonecrosis. Patients usually present with advanced stage kyphosis in the thoracolumbar (T-L) area within months to years after experiencing a minor trauma, initially presenting without any symptoms. Possible causes include avascular osteonecrosis, microfracture, atrophic nonunion, and a nutritional injury fracture.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Microbial Fuel Cell and Wastewater
In recent years, wastewater has been considered as a renewable resource of water, nutrients, and energy. Domestic wastewater is estimated to contain 13 kJ/g of COD of chemical energy, which is nine fold more than the energy required to treat it (Heidrich et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2018). Therefore, if its energy were effectively recovered, no external energy input would be required to operate WWTPs.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Wetland Construction, Restoration, and Integration
In response to the global loss and degradation of wetland ecosystems, extensive efforts have been made to reestablish wetland habitat and function in landscapes where they once existed. The reintroduction of wetland ecosystem services has largely occurred in two categories: constructed wetlands (CW) for wastewater treatment, and restored wetlands (RW) for the renewal or creation of multiple ecosystem services. Where the spatial and biogeochemical contexts are favorable, Integrated Constructed Wetlands (ICW) present the opportunity to couple CW and RW functions, thereby enhancing the replacement of wetland services on the landscape. 
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nutraceutical Concepts and Dextrin-Based Delivery Systems
Nutraceuticals are natural bioactive or chemical compounds acclaimed for their valuable biological activities and health-promoting effects. The global community is faced with many health concerns such as cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, etc. The effect of nutraceuticals is similar to pharmaceuticals, even though the term nutraceutical has no regulatory definition. The usage of nutraceuticals, to prevent and treat the aforementioned diseases, is limited by several features such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability, low stability, low permeability, low efficacy, etc. These downsides can be overcome by the application of the field of nanotechnology manipulating the properties and structures of materials at the nanometer scale.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Classifications of Sustainable Factors in Blockchain Adoption
Blockchains are a decentralized storage network that is completely unrelated to the data included within each block and that exhibits crucial qualities such as decentralization, anonymity, immutability, and transparency.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 May 2022
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