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Topic Review
Laser Immunotherapy for Keratinocyte Carcinoma
In light of expanding incidences of keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) with many patients developing multiple tumors, the demand for new treatment modalities is high. With the approval of cemplimab for locally advanced and metastasizing basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, KC is now included as an indication for systemic immunotherapy. At present, however, systemic KC therapy remains limited by the severe side effects associated with treatment. Immunotherapy might be more broadly applied if locally administered. Localized to the skin, KCs are easily accessible to topical drugs and physical interventions such as laser. There is an increasing appreciation of lasers’ potential to activate an immune response. Further enhancement of the laser-based immune activation might be obtained by combining laser and immunotherapeutic agents, known as laser immunotherapy.
  • 626
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Chondrosarcoma
Recent studies have suggested several promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for chondrosarcoma, including IDH1/2, COL2A1, and PD-L1. In addition, several molecule-targeting agents and immunotherapy have shown favorable antitumor activities in clinical studies of patients with advanced chondrosarcoma.
  • 626
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Hypoxia-Associated Long Non-Coding RNAs in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Long non-coding RNAs are newly described molecules that have extensive roles in breast cancer. Emerging reports have shown that there is a strong link between these RNAs and the hypoxic response of breast cancer cells, which may be an important factor for enhanced tumoral progression.
  • 626
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Microglial Extracellular Vesicles for Brain Microenvironment in Glioma
Microglial cells represent the resident immune elements of the central nervous system, where they exert constant monitoring and contribute to preserving neuronal activity and function. In the context of glioblastoma (GBM), a common type of tumor originating in the brain, microglial cells deeply modify their phenotype, lose their homeostatic functions, invade the tumoral mass and support the growth and further invasion of the tumoral cells into the surrounding brain parenchyma. These modifications are, at least in part, induced by bidirectional communication among microglial and tumoral cells through the release of soluble molecules and extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs produced by GBM and microglial cells transfer different kinds of biological information to receiving cells, deeply modifying their phenotype and activity and could represent important diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. In GBM, microglial-derived EVs contribute to the immune suppression of the tumor microenvironment (TME), thus favoring GBM immune escape. 
  • 626
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Intracellular Antibodies for Drugs and Drug Discovery
The application of antibodies in cells was first shown in the early 1990s, and subsequently, the field of intracellular antibodies has expanded to encompass antibody fragments and their use in target validation and as engineered molecules that can be fused to moieties (referred to as warheads) to replace the Fc effector region of a whole immunoglobulin to elicit intracellular responses, such as cell death pathways or protein degradation. These various forms of intracellular antibodies have largely been used as research tools to investigate function within cells by perturbing protein activity. New applications of such molecules are on the horizon, namely their use as drugs per se and as templates for small-molecule drug discovery. The former is a potential new pharmacology that could harness the power and flexibility of molecular biology to generate new classes of drugs (herein referred to as macrodrugs when used in the context of disease control). Delivery of engineered intracellular antibodies, and other antigen-binding macromolecules formats, into cells to produce a therapeutic effect could be applied to any therapeutic area where regulation, degradation or other kinds of manipulation of target proteins can produce a therapeutic effect.
  • 626
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Modulating Androgen Receptor Activity in Breast Cancer Treatment
The androgen receptor (AR) is a steroid hormone receptor widely detected in breast cancer. Evidence suggests that the AR might be a tumor suppressor in estrogen receptor alpha-positive (ERα+ve) breast cancer but a tumor promoter in estrogen receptor alpha-negative (ERα-ve) breast cancer. Modulating AR activity could be a potential strategy for treating breast cancer.
  • 625
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bioengineering Immunotherapeutics for the Treatment of Glioblastoma
Improvements in bioengineering methodology and tools have allowed for significant progress in the development of therapeutics and diagnostics in medicine, as well as progress in many other industries, such as materials manufacturing, food and agriculture, and consumer goods. Glioblastomas present significant challenges to adequate treatment, in part due to their immune-evasive nature. Rational-design bioengineering using novel scaffolds, bio-based materials, and inspiration across disciplines can push the boundaries in treatment development to create effective therapeutics for glioblastomas.
  • 623
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Linc-ROR in Cancer and Disease
Cancer is responsible for more than 10 million deaths every year. Metastasis and drug resistance lead to a poor survival rate and are a major therapeutic challenge. Substantial evidence demonstrates that an increasing number of long non-coding RNAs are dysregulated in cancer, including the long intergenic non-coding RNA, regulator of reprogramming (linc-ROR), which mostly exerts its role as an onco-lncRNA acting as a competing endogenous RNA that sequesters micro RNAs.
  • 623
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Gynecologic Oligometastases
Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) allows for the high-precision delivery of a large dose of radiation to a small area. SBRT has shown overall survival benefits in a variety of oligometastatic cancers. No prospective randomized study specifically evaluated the impact of SBRT in recurrent or oligometastatic gynecologic cancer (ROMGC). SBRT has been shown to provide excellent local control with low toxicity in gynecologic oligometastases, even in chemorefractory disease. 
  • 623
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Autocrine IGF-II-Associated Cancers
The paraneoplastic syndrome referred in the literature as non-islet-cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) and extra-pancreatic tumor hypoglycemia (EPTH) was first reported almost a century ago, and the role of cancer-secreted IGF-II in causing this blood glucose-lowering condition has been widely established. The landscape emerging, based on molecular and cellular findings, supports a broader role for IGF-II in cancer biology beyond its involvement in the paraneoplastic syndrome. In particular, a few key findings are constantly observed during tumorigenesis, (a) a relative and absolute increase in fetal insulin receptor isoform (IRA) content, with (b) an increase in IGF-II high-molecular weight cancer-variants (big-IGF-II), and (c) a stage-progressive increase in the IGF-II autocrine signal in the cancer cell, mostly during the transition from benign to malignant growth. An increasing and still under-exploited combinatorial pattern of the IGF-II signal in cancer is shaping up in the literature with respect to its transducing receptorial system and effector intracellular network. Interestingly, while surgical and clinical reports have traditionally restricted IGF-II secretion to a small number of solid malignancies displaying paraneoplastic hypoglycemia, a retrospective literature analysis, along with publicly available expression data from patient-derived cancer cell lines conveyed in the present perspective, clearly suggests that IGF-II expression in cancer is a much more common event, especially in overt malignancy.
  • 623
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Calorie Restriction under Malignant Tumors
Excessive body weight leads to increased levels of estrogens, chronic inflammation and hypoxia, which can play an important role in the development of malignancies. Calorie restriction can improve the state of patients with various diseases. Decreased calorie uptake influences lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, hormone levels and cell processes.
  • 623
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Two Complementarity Immunotherapeutics in NSCLC
The idea of using two different immunotherapies in cancer patients is based on the attempt to stimulate or inhibit different immune cells at different levels of their activity (e.g., in the lymph node and in the tumour). The most commonly used combination immunotherapy involves antibodies that target molecules capable of stimulation of the activity of lymphocytes and other immune cells and molecules that are able to inhibit this activity. Another combination immunotherapy method is the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with agents that modify the tumour microenvironment in a non-specific manner (e.g., pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunosuppressive cytokine inhibitors, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and adenosine inhibitors).
  • 622
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Oncogenic Pathways and Immune Microenvironment
Oncogenic signals affect the expression of several immune-related molecules, including immune regulatory receptors, ligands, growth factors and other humoral factors, which affect diverse stromal cells as well as cancer cells. The cellular components of tumors and their states are major players in the regulation of the tumor immune microenvironment.
  • 622
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Relevance of Fish Oil in Gastrointestinal-Cancer-Associated Cachexia
Fish oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which aid in energy metabolism and utilizing fatty acids high in energy density. It has been shown to reduce levels of pro-inflammatory mediators because fish oil contains high amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In a study of GI cancer patients undergoing surgical intervention, adding fish oil to arginine improved post-surgical outcomes and shortened recovery compared to no nutritional support in 305 patients.
  • 622
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Biology of Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Soft tissue sarcomas comprise all malignant tumors that develop from soft tissues in the body and that are thought to derive from a mesenchymal origin. They are mostly rare tumors and characterized by a large clinical and biological heterogeneity, with more than 100 different subtypes in the latest WHO classification. Their management is therefore complex and historically based on histological characteristics, but it has been transformed by the help of molecular biology for diagnosis and treatment.
  • 621
  • 28 May 2022
Topic Review
Therapy of Parathyroid Carcinoma
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is an extremely rare endocrine malignancy of the parathyroid glands, representing about 1% of all parathyroid tumors and one of the rarest causes of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), and generally presenting more severe symptomatic hypercalcemia than its benign counterparts (hyperplasia and adenoma), with marked skeletal and renal complications, including osteoporosis, fragility fracture, osteitis fibrosa cystica, and nephrolithiasis. This tumor has aggressive behavior and high metastatic potential. 
  • 621
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Nanocarrier-Based Codelivery of Chemotherapeutic Agent with Phytochemicals
Anticancer drugs in monotherapy are ineffective to treat various kinds of cancer due to the heterogeneous nature of cancer. Moreover, available anticancer drugs possessed various hurdles, such as drug resistance, insensitivity of cancer cells to drugs, adverse effects and patient inconveniences. Hence, plant-based phytochemicals could be a better substitute for conventional chemotherapy for treatment of cancer due to various properties: lesser adverse effects, action via multiple pathways, economical, etc. Various preclinical studies have demonstrated that a combination of phytochemicals with conventional anticancer drugs is more efficacious than phytochemicals individually to treat cancer because plant-derived compounds have lower anticancer efficacy than conventional anticancer drugs. Moreover, phytochemicals suffer from poor aqueous solubility and reduced bioavailability, which must be resolved for efficacious treatment of cancer.
  • 621
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cannabinoids as Modulators of Nrf2 Pathway
The development and progression of cancer are associated with the dysregulation of multiple pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival, as well as dysfunction in redox balance, immune response, and inflammation. The master antioxidant pathway, known as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, regulates the cellular defense against oxidative stress and inflammation, making it a promising cancer prevention and treatment target. Cannabinoids have demonstrated anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties, affecting signaling pathways, including Nrf2.
  • 621
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
mTORi in Immunosuppression after Liver Transplantation
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignancy of the liver and the third cause of cancer-related mortality. Liver transplantation is a treatment option for nonresectable patients with early-stage HCC, with more significant advantages when Milan criteria are fulfilled. mTOR inhibitors (mTORi) have been introduced as an alternative immunosuppressive approach to conventional conventional calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs)-based regimens to address both immunosuppression and cancer control. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling pathway regulates protein translation, cell growth, and metabolism, and the pathway is frequently deregulated in human tumours.
  • 621
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Genetics of Parathyroid Carcinoma
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare endocrine malignancy that accounts for less than 1% of parathyroid tumors. Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare disease that needs an additional diagnostic tool and wide therapeutic options. The genomics and proteomics approach may help to find the tools to improve the prognosis of the disease by early detection and metastatic control. 
  • 621
  • 02 Dec 2022
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