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Topic Review
Tumour Microenvironment
The totality of normal cells, blood vessels and molecules embedding the tumor cells and sustaining their growth, characterized by a continuous bidirectional reshaping.
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Gemcitabine Resistance in PDAC
Gemcitabine remains the standard of care for all stages of PDAC, however, with poor clinical benefits which is considered to be due to reduced drug availability in tumor cells. Gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity depends upon sufficient drug uptake followed by intracellular activation. 
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Prostate Cancer
Metastasis of prostate cancer often results in death of the patient. A cluster of fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) genes involved in transportation, accumulation and utilization of fatty acids are co-amplified and preferentially expressed in metastatic prostate cancer compared to localized disease. These genes, namely FABP12, FABP4, FABP9, FABP8 and FABP5, individually and collectively, promote properties associated with prostate cancer metastasis. Levels of these FABP genes may serve as an indicator of prostate cancer aggressiveness, and that inhibiting the action of FABP genes may provide a new approach to prevent and/or treat metastatic prostate cancer. 
  • 1.8K
  • 31 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Endocrine Therapy Resistance
Hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer is the most common breast cancer subtype, and endocrine therapy (ET) remains its therapeutic backbone. Although anti-estrogen therapies are usually effective initially, approximately 50% of HR+ patients develop resistance to ET within their lifetime, ultimately leading to disease recurrence and limited clinical benefit. The recent addition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6 inhibitors (palbociclib, ribociclib, abemaciclib) to ET have remarkably improved the outcome of patients with HR+ advanced breast cancer (ABC) compared with anti-estrogens alone, by targeting the cell-cycle machinery and overcoming some aspects of endocrine resistance.
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Cancer
Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD) is associated with sensitivity towards PARP inhibitors (PARPi) and its determination is used as a biomarker for therapy decision making.
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Arginine Metabolism and Cancer
Arginine availability and activation of arginine-related pathways at cancer sites have profound effects on the tumor microenvironment, far beyond their well-known role in the hepatic urea cycle. Arginine metabolism impacts not only malignant cells but also the surrounding immune cells behavior, modulating growth, survival, and immunosurveillance mechanisms, either through an arginase-mediated effect on polyamines and proline synthesis, or by the arginine/nitric oxide pathway in tumor cells, antitumor T-cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and macrophages. 
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Microbiota for HPV Infection
The microbiome is able to modulate immune responses, alter the physiology of the human organism, and increase the risk of viral infections and development of diseases such as cancer. Herein, we address changes in the cervical microbiota as potential biomarkers to identify the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) development and invasive cervical cancer in the context of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Green Tea Catechin EGCG-Sensing Receptor
The body is equipped with a “food factor-sensing system” that senses food factors, such as polyphenols, sulfur-containing compounds, and vitamins, taken into the body, and plays an essential role in manifesting their physiological effects. For example, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), the representative catechin in green tea (Camellia sinensi L.), exerts various effects, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic effects, when sensed by the cell surficial protein 67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR). 
  • 1.8K
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Bispecific Antibody-Based Immune-Cell Engagers in Cancer Immunotherapy
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular diseases. One of the most promising targeted therapies for cancer treatment is antibody therapy. It has a superior targeting ability for antigens that are expressed on cancer cells, which results in prominent antitumor activity and lower toxicity, compared with that of chemotherapeutic agents. Recent progress in recombinant DNA technology and antibody engineering has ushered in a new era of bispecific antibody (bsAb)-based immune-cell engagers (ICEs), including T- and natural-killer-cell engagers.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Curcumin in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane)—the “golden spice”—has been widely studied because of its pleiotropic effects in cancer. Curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenol, is derived from the rhizome of the herb Curcuma longa and constitutes the major curcuminoid in the spice turmeric (77% curcumin, 17% demethoxycurcumin, 3% bis-demethoxycurcumin). Curcumin is “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) as a dietary supplement by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and has been catalogued with the E100 code of the European Union. 
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Local Anesthesia in Cancer Surgeries
The application of local anaesthetics is frequently involved in anaesthesia in the surgical treatment of various cancers. It is used in addition to or instead of general anaesthesia as a way to provide control of sensation and pain to specific regions or parts of the patients' bodies. They are thought to reduce the requirement for volatile anaesthetics and opioids used in the surgery.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Development of Anti-Glutaminolysis Drugs
Glutaminolysis has emerged in recent years as an effective therapeutic focus in the treatment of cancer. In order to restrict the proliferation of glutamine-addicted cancer cells, researchers have created various drugs that target different stages in glutamine metabolism.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Conditions such as Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s diseases (PD) are less prevalent in cancer survivors and, overall, cancer is less prevalent in subjects with these neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to epidemiologic data, there is also evidence of a complex biological interconnection, with genes, proteins, and pathways often showing opposite dysregulation in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Wnt Signaling in Human Diseases
Wnt signaling has been implicated in a wide spectrum of important biological phenomena, where either a deficiency or overactivation of key effectors can lead to various human diseases. This review highlights historical and recent findings on key mediators of Wnt signaling and its association with various developmental diseases and tumorigenesis.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Myeloid Neoplasms
Myeloid neoplasms encompass a very heterogeneous family of diseases characterized by the failure of the molecular mechanisms that ensure a balanced equilibrium between hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) self-renewal and the proper production of differentiated cells. The origin of the driver mutations leading to preleukemia can be traced back to HSC/progenitor cells. Many properties typical to normal HSCs are exploited by leukemic stem cells (LSCs) to their advantage, leading to the emergence of a clonal population that can eventually progress to leukemia with variable latency and evolution. In fact, different subclones might in turn develop from the original malignant clone through accumulation of additional mutations, increasing their competitive fitness. This process ultimately leads to a complex cancer architecture where a mosaic of cellular clones—each carrying a unique set of mutations—coexists. The repertoire of genes whose mutations contribute to the progression toward leukemogenesis is broad. It encompasses genes involved in different cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, epigenetics (DNA and histones modifications), DNA damage signaling and repair, chromosome segregation and replication (cohesin complex), RNA splicing, and signal transduction. Among these many players, transcription factors, RNA splicing proteins, and deubiquitinating enzymes are emerging as potential targets for therapeutic intervention. 
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Serrated Pathway in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. It includes different subtypes that differ in their clinical and prognostic features. In the past decade, in addition to the conventional adenoma-carcinoma model, an alternative multistep mechanism of carcinogenesis, namely the “serrated pathway”, has been described. Approximately, 15 to 30% of all CRCs arise from neoplastic serrated polyps, a heterogeneous group of lesions that are histologically classified into three morphologic categories: hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, and the traditional serrated adenomas/polyps. Serrated polyps are characterized by genetic (BRAF or KRAS mutations) and epigenetic (CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)) alterations that cooperate to initiate and drive malignant transformation from normal colon mucosa to polyps, and then to CRC. The high heterogeneity of the serrated lesions renders their diagnostic and pathological interpretation difficult. 
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
SFKs in intestine
Src, originally identified as an oncogene, is a membrane-anchored tyrosine kinase (TK) and the Src family kinase (SFK) prototype. SFKs regulate the signalling induced by a wide range of cell surface receptors leading to epithelial cell growth and adhesion. In the intestine, the SFK members Src, Fyn and Yes regulate epithelial cell proliferation and migration during tissue regeneration and transformation, thus implicating conserved and specific functions. In patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), SFK activity is a marker of poor clinical prognosis and a potent driver of metastasis formation. These tumorigenic activities are linked to SFK capacity to promote the dissemination and tumour-initiating capacities of epithelial tumour cells. However, it is unclear how SFKs promote colon tumour formation and metastatic progression because SFK-encoding genes are unfrequently mutated in human cancer. Here, we review recent findings on SFK signalling during intestinal homeostasis, regeneration and tumorigenesis, and discuss about therapeutic strategies to efficiently target Src signalling in CRC
  • 1.7K
  • 03 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Cobalamin-Dependent Metabolism and Its Implication in Solid Cancers
Cobalamin or vitamin B12 (B12) is a cofactor for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, two enzymes implicated in key pathways for cell proliferation: methylation, purine synthesis, succinylation and ATP production. Ensuring these functions in cancer cells therefore requires important cobalamin needs and its uptake through the transcobalamin II receptor (TCII-R). 
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is characterized by a high rate of cure, but also by a non-negligible probability of recurrence and risk progression to muscle-invasive disease. NMIBC management requires a proper local resection and staging, followed by a risk-based treatment with intravesical agents. For many years, the current gold standard treatment for patients with intermediate or high-risk disease is transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) followed by intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) instillations. Unfortunately, in about half of high-risk patients, intravesical BCG treatment fails and NMIBC persists or recurs early. While radical cystectomy remains the gold standard for these patients, new therapeutic targets are being individuated and studied. Radical cystectomy in fact can provide an excellent long-term disease control, but can deeply interfere with quality of life. In particular, the enhanced immune checkpoints expression shown in BCG-unresponsive patients and the activity of immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICIs) in advanced bladder cancer provided the rationale for testing ICIs in NMIBC. Recently, pembrolizumab has shown promising activity in BCG-unresponsive NMIBC patients, obtaining FDA approval. Meanwhile multiple novel drugs with alternative mechanisms of action have proven to be safe and effective in NMIBC treatment and others are under investigation.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Phosphorylation in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Protein phosphorylation is a fundamental mechanism for many intracellular processes underlying cell life. This reversible mechanism, which is triggered by intra- and extra-cellular signals, regulates metabolism, transcription, proliferation, differentiation, cell movements, and apoptosis in countless cellular functions. Protein kinases form an enzyme family that catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphate of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to specific hydroxyl amino acids in protein substrates. On the other hand, protein phosphatases regulate the action of kinases, playing the role of regulators in the phosphorylation processes. The present investigation summarize the current knowledge on the roles playd by phosphatases in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Jun 2021
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