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Topic Review
Colonoscopy in Intestinal Diseases
Colonoscopy is an examination of the colorectum and terminal ileum undertaken by inserting a scope with a camera device and flexible light source through the anus. In cases of infectious diseases, colonoscopy is helpful in making the differential diagnosis, revealing endoscopic gross findings, and obtaining the specimens for pathology. Additionally, colonoscopy provides clues for distinguishing between infectious disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and aids in the post-treatment monitoring of IBD.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Gastric Polyps and Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is still an important disease causing many deaths worldwide, although there has been a marked reduction in prevalence during the last few decades. The decline in gastric cancer prevalence is due to a reduction in Helicobacter pylori infection which has occurred for at least 50 years. The most probable mechanism for the carcinogenic effect of H. pylori is hypergastrinemia since H. pylori infected individuals do not have increased risk of gastric cancer before the development of oxyntic atrophy. When atrophy has developed, the carcinogenic process continues independent of H. pylori. Autoimmune gastritis also induces oxyntic atrophy leading to marked hypergastrinemia and development of ECL cell neoplasia as well as adenocarcinoma. Similarly, long-term treatment with efficient inhibitors of acid secretion like the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) predisposes to ECL cell neoplasia of a different degree of malignancy. Contrasting the colon where most cancers develop from polyps, most polyps in the stomach have a low malignant potential. Nevertheless, gastric polyps may also give rise to cancer and have some risk factors and mechanisms in common with gastric cancer.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The Gut Microbiome and Female Health
Given that females may be more likely to be affected by some ailments such as osteoarthritis, heart disease, cancer, and anxiety, it is imperative to study the effect of the gut microbiome and its role in female health. It is evident that the presence/ratio of microbial species is altered in polycystic ovarian syndrome, cancer, pregnancy, and menopause. Thus, potential probiotics should be developed and the administration of certain bacterial species should be considered, as novel independent or adjunct therapies for various female-related pathologies.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Anemia in Chronic Liver Disease
Hematological abnormalities are frequently linked to chronic liver disease of any etiology. About 75% of patients with advanced chronic liver disease experience anemia. The causes of anemia are complex and multifactorial, particularly in cirrhotic patients. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
IBS and IBD
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional heterogenous disease with a multifactorial pathogenesis. It is characterized by abdominal pain, discomfort, and alteration in gut motility. The occurrence of similar symptoms was observed in patients in clinical remission of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that is Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), which pathogenesis is also not fully understood. IBS and IBD seem to be quite separate entities, but still, they do share some similarities. First, their symptoms overlap to some extent: They both may include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and watery stools, which can make it difficult to distinguish between these disorders. However, pain in IBS results from tension in the intestinal wall and can be relieved by defecation, while in IBD, it is more constant, and it may result from inflammatory cytokines impacting on afferent nerve firing. Moreover, in the case of IBD, there are so-called “alarm symptoms”, such as fever, weight and appetite loss, bloody stool, vomiting, or anemia, which are absent in IBS. Second, despite the fact that extracolonic symptoms may appear in the course of both diseases, in IBS, they are more general and include, for example, nausea or dyspepsia, while they seem to be more serious and disabling in IBD—they may affect joints, eyes, skin or liver. Furthermore, the epidemiology is slightly different—IBS may occur at any age and is seen more often in women, while IBD appear mainly in young adults between 15 and 30 years old and remain gender-neutral—as mentioned earlier. Phenotypic differences are also clear—in IBS, visibly normal mucosa is observed. On the contrary, in IBD, inflammation, ulcerations, fibrosis, and structuring can be seen during colonoscopy with the naked eye. The pathogenesis of IBS and IBD is not completely understood; however, it is believed to be multifactorial. In both cases, it may include not only environmental and psychological factors (such as stress, depression, negative life events) but also genetic factors, enduring submucosal inflammation, and other changes involving the gut–brain axis and alteration in gut microbiota.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Sweeteners and Gut Microbiome
Worldwide, the demand for natural and synthetic sweeteners in the food industry as an alternative to refined sugar is increasing. This has prompted more research to be conducted to estimate its safety and effects on health. The gut microbiome is critical in metabolizing selected sweeteners which might affect overall health. Recently, more studies have evaluated the relationship between sweeteners and the gut microbiome.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Autoimmune Liver Diseases
SARS-CoV-2 infection can trigger autoimmune responses, either by a systemic hyperstimulation of the immune system or molecular mimicry (or both). COVID-19 can activate a hyperstimulation of the immune system or, through the exposure to foreign peptides homologous to human peptides (molecular mimicry), contribute to the development of autoantibodies and autoimmune liver diseases.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Cholestatic Diseases
Cholestatic diseases are based on bile dysfunction due to defects affecting bile synthesis or secretion. These processes involve a wide range of enzymes and membrane transporters involved in hepatobiliary circulation. According to its origin, cholestasis can be classified into two main groups: acquired cholestasis and genetic cholestasis.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Metformin Protects Livers against NASH-related-HCC
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly linked to the global epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Notably, NAFLD can progress from the mildest form of simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that increases the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is a malignancy with a dismal prognosis and rising incidence in the United States and other developed counties, possibly due to the epidemic of NAFLD. Metformin, the first-line drug for T2DM, has been suggested to reduce risks for several types of cancers including HCC and protect against NASH-related HCC, as revealed by epidemical studies on humans and preclinical studies on animal models.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Human Herpesviruses
Human herpesviruses (HHVs): herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8, are known to be part of a family of DNA viruses that cause several diseases in humans. In clinical practice of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the complication of CMV enterocolitis, which is caused by CMV reactivation under disruption of intestinal barrier function, inflammation, or strong immunosuppressive therapy, is well known to affect the prognosis of disease. However, the relationship between other HHVs and IBD remains unclear.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells in Colorectal Cancer
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs)  are intact cells separated from the primary tumor or metastases and released into the peripheral circulation. They were observed and discovered for the first time in 1869 in the blood of a patient with breast cancer. CTCs mainly originate from solid tumors of epithelial origin (breast, prostate, colon, and lung). CTCs are nucleated and express epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) and/or cytokeratins (CK) in the cytoplasm without coexpressing the common leukocyte antigen CD45. It is known today that there is significant heterogeneity in cell species and surface markers, which represents a challenge in isolating all clinically relevant subpopulations of CTCs.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Autophagy in Parenchymal and Non-Parenchymal Liver Cells
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular process for the ordered degradation and recycling of cellular components in lysosomes. In the liver this process is relevant for maintaining liver homeostasis, especially in conditions of hepatic insults.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Anti-inflammatory Effect of Rosmarinus Officinalis in Vivo Models
Rosemary was more commonly used in its entirety than in compounds, and the prevalent methods of extraction were maceration and hydrodistillation. Rosmarinus officinalis L. showed anti-inflammatory activity before and after induction of treatments.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Nutrient-Sensing Receptors outside and inside Gastrointestinal System
Intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors act as a crosstalk between dietary components, the gut microbiota, and the regulation of immune, endocrinological, and neurological responses.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Imaging in Portal Vein Thrombosis
The term portal vein thrombosis (PVT) refers to the complete or partial obstruction of blood flow in the portal vein, due to the presence of a thrombus in the vasal lumen. The underlying etiology of PVT remains unclear in up to 50% of children and adults. PVT, either primary or secondary to an underlying chronic liver disease, is the most common cause of prehepatic portal hypertension. On the one hand, primary PVT can be idiopathic, iatrogenic (neonatal umbilical vein catheterization), or related to an altered coagulation status. On the other hand, the progression of most chronic liver diseases leads to fibrosis, which increases sinusoid resistance and determines an abnormal elevation of portal venous pressure. The spontaneous development of a collateral circulation to divert the flow to the systemic circulation is the first observed anomaly, which itself contributes to PVT. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
DAO Activity in the Monitoring of Diverse Diseases
The serum level of diamine oxidase (DAO) reflects the integrity and maturation of the small intestinal mucosa. This measure is important in diagnosing various diseases, including chronic urticaria tachyphylaxis, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, preterm abortion, and migraine.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome-Immune Interactions in Ulcerative Colitis
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic autoimmune condition affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. IBD includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), with UC characterized by inflammation of colonic mucosa and submucosa starting at the rectum and extending through the colon. The precise etiology of UC is unknown but is thought to involve a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Chief among these is the intestinal microbiome, which has been extensively studied both for its role in disease pathogenesis and possible treatment. In this review, we will discuss the microbial changes that have been described in UC, its interplay with host immune function, and evidence supporting its role as a potential therapeutic. We will also discuss parallels between UC, the microbiome and colitis-associated cancer (CAC).   
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Hepatocellular Neoplasms
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a major global contributor of cancer death, usually arises in a background of chronic liver disease, as a result of molecular changes that deregulate important signal transduction pathways. Certain molecular changes of hepatocarcinogenesis are associated with clinicopathologic features and prognosis, suggesting that subclassification of HCC is practically useful. On the other hand, subclassification of hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs), a heterogenous group of neoplasms, has been well established on the basis of genotype–phenotype correlations. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Small Bowel Capsule Endoscopy
Small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) is one of the most useful methods for diagnosing small bowel lesions. When a pill-like capsule endoscope is swallowed, the camera of the capsule endoscope captures the small bowel mucosa. Although it is a noninvasive endoscopy, it has the disadvantage of long reading time. To solve this problem, artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for SBCE reading are being actively studied. The main goal is to quickly and accurately detect small bowel lesions using an AI algorithm trained on images of lesions. This content briefly summarizes the use of AI algorithms for SBCE reading.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Fibroblast Subsets in Colorectal cancer
CAFs are defined as fibroblasts surrounding malignant tumor cells and are the most abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer (CRC). CAFs consist of various functionally heterogeneous subsets which can promote or restrain cancer progression. Although most previous research has focused on the biology of epithelial cells, accumulating evidence shows that certain CAF subsets can also importantly contribute to tumor initiation and progression, thereby possibly providing avenues for improvement of clinical care for CRC patients. However, attention needs to be paid to comprehensive characterization and reporting of the subsets being investigated in CAF studies to enable more precise identification and targeting of “unfavorable” CAFs in advanced CRC.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jan 2021
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