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Topic Review
Dietary Modulation of Bacteriophages
The role and function of bacteriophages (phages) has been underestimated so far. Natural compounds such as essential oils and tea have been used successfully in naturopathy and folk medicine for hundreds of years. Current research is unveiling the molecular role of their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The current interdisciplinary review summarizes current knowledge on dietary compounds as to their capacity to modulate the activity of phages, thus potentially contributing to (the modulation of) several gastrointestinal diseases, such as (chronic) inflammation, and even cancer.
  • 657
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infects approximately 50% of the world population. Its infection is associated with gastropathies, extra-gastric digestive diseases, and diseases of other systems. There is a canonical process from acute-on-chronic inflammation, chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), intestinal metaplasia (IM), dysplasia, and intraepithelial neoplasia, eventually to gastric cancer (GC). H. pylori eradication abolishes the inflammatory response and early treatment prevents the progression to preneoplastic lesions.
  • 656
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
H. pylori Marker Detection
The Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori colonizes c.a. 50% of human stomachs worldwide and is the major risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma. Its high genetic variability makes it difficult to identify biomarkers of early stages of infection that can reliably predict its outcome. 
  • 654
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major complication of cirrhosis, which is associated with gut microbial composition and functional alterations.
  • 653
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Animal Models and Helicobacter pylori Infection
Helicobacter pylori colonize the gastric mucosa of at least half of the world’s population. Persistent infection is associated with the development of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and an increased risk of gastric cancer and gastric-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. 
  • 653
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Multiple Sclerosis Therapies and Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and the association with other autoimmune diseases is well-documented. There are many therapeutic options for the treatment of MS. Most of the available drugs cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI) to variable extents with heterogeneous clinical and biological manifestations, including liver injury with or without signs of hypersensitivity and autoimmunity. The different disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and immunomodulating treatments used in the management of MS include interferon beta (IFN-β), glatiramer acetate (GA), natalizumab, fingolimod, mitoxantrone, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, alemtuzumab, daclizumab, and ocrelizumab. These drugs are largely available in the USA and Europe, but with some differences in indications.
  • 652
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Polysaccharide-Peptide from Trametes versicolor for Colorectal Cancer Treatment
The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer have shown an upward trend. Therefore, the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of colorectal cancer still need our continuous attention. Finding compounds with strong anticancer activity and low toxicity is a good strategy for colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy. Trametes versicolor is a traditional Chinese medicinal mushroom with a long history of being used to regulate immunity and prevent cancer. Its extractions were demonstrated with strong cell growth inhibitory activity on human colorectal tumor cells, while the anticancer activity of them is not acted through a direct cytotoxic effect. 
  • 651
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed with the more advanced imaging techniques allows an accurate assessment of many intestinal disorders, particularly inflammatory bowel disease and rectal cancer; in most of these diseases, MRI is invaluable for diagnosis, staging, and monitoring under treatment. Several MRI parameters are currently considered activity biomarkers for inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Furthermore, in younger patients with acute or chronic GI disease, MRI can be safely used for short-term follow-up studies in many critical clinical situations because it is radiation-free. MRI assessment of functional gastro-esophageal and small bowel disorders is still in its infancy but very promising, while it is well established and widely used for dynamic assessment of anorectal and pelvic floor dysfunction; MRI motility biomarkers have also been described. 
  • 651
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Diet in IBD Remission
Identification of the dietary triggers of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and of a dietary regime which can be followed in the long-term by patients, is of paramount importance. Hence, we performed a comprehensive and detailed review of the literature about the role of diet in the maintenance of clinical remission in Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC), in both adult and paediatric patients. More specifically, we investigated:1) the efficacy of food reintroduction protocols in maintaining clinical remission in patients with CD, following induction of remission with nutritional therapies2.) the efficacy of dietary therapies, including strategies using maintenance enteral nutrition or ordinary food-based diets, on reducing clinical relapse rates in patients with CD and UC3.) the association of dietary components with the risk of developing a clinical relapse in patients with CD and UCFurthermore, we included specific study-related recommendations, which we believe should form the basis of future research studies investigating the role of diet in maintaining clinical remission in IBD.
  • 650
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Gut Virome in Childhood Diseases
Mammals are colonized by numerous microbes, collectively referred to as the microbiota. The microbiota forms a stable symbiotic relationship with the host and is indispensable for health maintenance. Although the eubacteria are the best characterized component of the human gut microbiota, it also includes commensal populations of viruses, fungi, multicellular parasites and archaea. Evidence highlights that the virome, consisting in DNA and RNA eukaryotic viruses, bacterial viruses (i.e., bacteriophages) and archaeal viruses, exerts a fundamental role in the host wellbeing. Indeed, alterations of the adult virome have been linked to increased disease susceptibility, suggesting that maintaining or restoring a structurally and functionally correct composition of the virome might represent in the near future a promising approach to prevent or cure different human diseases. Although the knowledge of childhood virome is currently very limited, modifications of the virome composition have been associated with several diseases during the pediatric age, such as inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, malnutrition, diarrhea and celiac disease. 
  • 650
  • 14 May 2021
Topic Review
Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM), cardiac dysfunction in end-stage liver disease in the absence of prior heart disease, is an important clinical entity that contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality. The original definition for CCM, established in 2005 at the World Congress of Gastroenterology (WCG), was based upon known echocardiographic parameters to identify subclinical cardiac dysfunction in the absence of overt structural abnormalities. Subsequent advances in cardiovascular imaging and in particular myocardial deformation imaging have rendered the WCG criteria outdated. A number of investigations have explored other factors relevant to CCM, including serum markers, electrocardiography, and magnetic resonance imaging. CCM characteristics include a hyperdynamic circulatory state, impaired contractility, altered diastolic relaxation, and electrophysiological abnormalities, particularly QT interval prolongation. It is now known that cardiac dysfunction worsens with the progression of cirrhosis. Treatment for CCM has traditionally been limited to supportive efforts, but new pharmacological studies appear promising. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in CCM can be improved by targeted heart rate reduction. Ivabradine combined with carvedilol improves left ventricular diastolic dysfunction through targeted heart rate reduction, and this regimen can improve survival in patients with cirrhosis. Orthotopic liver transplantation also appears to improve CCM. 
  • 649
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Serum Visfatin Levels in NAFLD
Adipokines, including visfatin, have been studied in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Several studies evaluated visfatin levels in NAFLD, the presence and severity of hepatic steatosis, liver fibrosis, lobar inflammation, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and gender differences. 
  • 649
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Genetic Markers of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer with an increasing worldwide mortality rate. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary liver cancer. In both types of cancers, early detection is very important. Biomarkers are a relevant part of diagnosis, enabling non-invasive detection and control of cancer recurrence, as well as in the application of screening tests in high-risk groups. Furthermore, some of these biomarkers are useful in controlling therapy and treatment selection. Detection of some markers presents higher sensitivity and specificity in combination with other markers when compared with a single detection. Some gene aberrations are also prognostic markers in the two types of cancers.
  • 648
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Fatty Liver Syndrome
Fatty liver syndrome is an emerging health problem in the world, due to the high prevalence of obesity and alcohol use disorder. Given the nature of the disease’s advancement to cirrhosis and liver-related complications, it is important to assess the severity of the disease, which is typically done via a liver biopsy. Due to the limitations and risks of liver biopsy, the role of noninvasive tests is essential and evolving to stratify the stage of the liver disease, predict the outcomes, and/or monitor the treatment response. This review is focused on noninvasive tests, including the use of serum-based biomarkers, ultrasound-based shear wave elastography, transient elastography, and magnetic resonance elastography in both clinical and research settings
  • 647
  • 17 Sep 2020
Topic Review
New Definition of Fatty Liver
Recently, the classification of fatty liver and the definition for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been challenged. Herein, this research aims to evaluate the burden of hepatic fibrosis in the missed and added populations following the proposal of the new definition of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver (MAFLD) in a health check-up cohort.
  • 647
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Sarcopenic Obesity
Sarcopenia was first termed in 1989 by Rosenberg et al. as a muscle loss in the aging population [19]. Although several definitions coexist, sarcopenia’s well-adopted description is an age-related process characterized by progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and function.
  • 646
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Combined Biological Therapy for Refractory Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Current medical treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) does not achieve 100% response rates, and a subset of refractory and severely ill patients have persistent active disease after being treated with all possible drug alternatives. Ustekinumab plus vedolizumab and vedolizumab plus anti-TNF were the most used biological therapies (CoT) for Crohn’s disease. For ulcerative colitis, the most used CoTs were vedolizumab plus anti-TNF and vedolizumab plus tofacitinib. 
  • 646
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Herbal Approaches to Pediatric Functional Abdominal Pain
Chronic abdominal pain is one of the most common problems seen by both pediatricians and pediatric gastroenterologists. Abdominal-pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders (AP-FGIDs) are diagnosed in children with chronic and recurrent abdominal pain meeting clinical criteria set forth in the Rome IV criteria. AP-FGIDs affect approximately 20% of children worldwide and include functional dyspepsia (FD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional abdominal pain (FAP), and abdominal migraine. IBS accounts for 45% of pediatric AP-FGIDs. The pathophysiology of functional abdominal pain involves an interplay of factors including early life events, genetics, psychosocial influences, and physiologic factors of visceral sensitivity, motility disturbance, altered mucosal immune function, and altered central nervous system processing. Researchers discuss popular herbal treatments typically used in the field of complementary medicine to treat pediatric AP-FGIDs: peppermint oil, fennel, licorice, and STW5.
  • 646
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory colon diseases, which are a global health concern, include a variety of gastrointestinal tract disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. The pathogenesis of these colon disorders involves immune alterations with the pronounced infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells into the intestines and the augmented expression of mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulated by commensal microbiota. Epidemiological studies during the past half century have shown that the proportion of obese people in a population is associated with the incidence and pathogenesis of gastrointestinal tract disorders. The advancement of understanding of the immunological basis of colon disease has shown that adipocyte-derived biologically active substances (adipokines) modulate the role of innate and adaptive immune cells in the progress of intestinal inflammation. 
  • 642
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Chemerin in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Chemerin belongs to the adipokines—proteins secreted by white adipose tissue. It plays an important role in angiogenesis and metabolism and its levels correlate with inflammation severity in many clinical states. 
  • 642
  • 26 Oct 2021
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