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Topic Review
Surgical Treatment in Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory disorder of follicular occlusion with pubertal onset that presents as painful inflammatory nodules, sinus tracts, and tunnelling in apocrine-gland-rich areas, such as the axilla, groin, lower back, and buttocks. There are various options available for surgical intervention, with no optimal treatment, requiring an individualized approach for each patient. The choice of surgical treatment depends upon various factors, such as the chronicity and extent of disease, affected site, presence of long-standing lesions, and patient comorbidities. Surgical treatment in HS ranges from procedural treatments (e.g., laser) and minor surgery (e.g., incision and drainage and deroofing) to major surgery (e.g., wide local excision).
  • 966
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Novel Signaling Pathways in PV
The immunobullous condition Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV) is caused by autoantibodies targeting the desmosomal adhesion proteins, leading to blistering in the skin and mucosal membrane. There is still no cure to the disease apart from the use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents. 
  • 965
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Skin Health and Microbiome-Targeted Strategies
The skin microbiome is a complex and dynamic ecology that resides in the skin, which is the largest organ of the human body. Prebiotics are non-digestible fibers and compounds found in certain foods that promote the activity and growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut or skin. On the other hand, live microorganisms, known as probiotics, benefit in sustaining healthy conditions when consumed in reasonable quantities.
  • 955
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Regulatory Roles of Estrogens in Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease of the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis. The severity of psoriasis has been reported as higher in men than in women. The immunoregulatory role of female sex hormones has been proposed to be one of the factors responsible for sex differences. Among female sex hormones, estrogens have been suggested to be significantly involved in the development of psoriasis by various epidemiological and in vitro studies.
  • 949
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Glycomimetic Peptides as Therapeutic Tools for Skin Diseases
The entry of peptides into glycobiology has led to the development of a unique class of therapeutic tools. Although numerous and well-known peptides are active as endocrine regulatory factors that bind to specific receptors, and peptides have been used extensively as epitopes for vaccine production, the use of peptides that mimic sugars as ligands of lectin-type receptors has opened a unique approach to modulate activity of immune cells. Ground-breaking work that initiated the use of peptides as tools for therapy identified sugar mimetics by screening phage display libraries. The peptides that have been discovered show significant potential as high-avidity, therapeutic tools when synthesized as multivalent structures.
  • 948
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Oral Vitamin D Therapy
Vitamin D is an essential nutrient in humans; it is produced by the body through exposure to the sun (the primary source of vitamin D), or more precisely, to mild ultraviolet B (UVB) light.
  • 944
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Non-invasive diagnosis of mucosal melanoma
Mucosal melanoma is a rare tumor with aggressive biological behavior and poor prognosis. Diagnosis is often performed at an advanced stage when the lesions become symptomatic. Although dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) are widely used techniques for the diagnosis of cutaneous tumors, their use for mucosal lesions is not well established, probably because the latter are rarer.
  • 944
  • 25 Nov 2025
Topic Review
Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics and Diagnosis of Monkeypox
Monkeypox is a disease caused by Orthopoxvirus, which also includes the smallpox virus. Several endemics have been reported on the African continent, typically in the western and central regions. However, since 13 May 2022, there have been several cases reported from different member states; the number of confirmed cases in 1 month exceeded the total number of cases reported outside the African continent since the first case in 1970. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) consider monkeypox as an important disease for global public health.
  • 942
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergy
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by intense pruritus, eczematous lesions, and relapsing course. It presents with great clinical heterogeneity, while underlying pathogenetic mechanisms involve a complex interplay between a dysfunctional skin barrier, immune dysregulation, microbiome dysbiosis, genetic and environmental factors. All these interactions are shaping the landscape of AD endotypes and phenotypes. In the “era of allergy epidemic”, the role of food allergy (FA) in the prevention and management of AD is a recently explored area.
  • 938
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Dermal Adipocytes
Adipocytes from the superficial layer of subcutaneous adipose tissue undergo cyclic de- and re-differentiation, which can significantly influence the development of skin inflammation under different cutaneous conditions. This inflammation can be connected with local loading of the reticular dermis with lipids released due to de-differentiation of adipocytes during the catagen phase of the hair follicle cycle. Alternatively, the inflammation parallels a widespread release of cathelicidin, which typically takes place in the anagen phase (especially in the presence of pathogens). Additionally, trans-differentiation of dermal adipocytes into myofibroblasts, which can occur under some pathological conditions, can be responsible for the development of collateral scarring in acne.
  • 935
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Henoch–Schönlein Purpura
Henoch–Schönlein purpura or IgA vasculitis is the most common type of pediatric vasculitis that may affect adults as well. It is classified as a type of small-vessel vasculitis. It can cause cutaneous and systemic symptoms with a minority of patients developing kidney failure.
  • 935
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Lichen Planus Activity and Damage Index (LiPADI)
Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects skin, oral and genital mucosa, and other sites. 
  • 935
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Plectin in Skin Fragility Disorders
Plectin is a multi-faceted, 500 kDa-large protein, which due to its expression in different isoforms and distinct organs acts diversely as a cytoskeletal crosslinker and signaling scaffold. It functions as a mediator of keratinocyte mechanical stability in the skin, primarily through linking intermediate filaments to hemidesmosomes. Skin fragility may occur through the presence of mutations in the gene encoding for plectin, PLEC, or through the presence of autoantibodies against the molecule.
  • 934
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Skin Conditions during COVID-19 Era
The most frequent inflammatory skin diseases are psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, and acne. Their management is challenging for dermatologists since their relapsing chronic clinical course is associated with a great impact on quality of life.
  • 933
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Maskne
The term maskne comes from the contraction of mask-related acne. It means a form of mechanical acne resulting from the continuous adherence and friction between skin and facial mask. It typically appeares as mild papular eruption accompained by comedones and seborrhea on the O-area of the face, especially on chin and cheecks. The prolonged use of mask generates also a hot-humid microclimate on skin surface modifyng sebum production and consequently microbiota.
  • 932
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Scarring Alopecias
Primary cicatricial alopecias (PCA) represent a challenging group of disorders that result in irreversible hair loss from the destruction and fibrosis of hair follicles. Scalp skin biopsies are considered essential in investigating these conditions. 
  • 930
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Influence of Sleep and Western Diet in Psoriasis
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports psoriasis (PsO) as one of the five diseases that drastically influence patients’ quality of life. PsO is a systemic, chronic inflammatory skin disease related to epidermal keratinocyte hyperplasia and epidermal immune cell over-activation via the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis. It is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases, with a prevalence of 1–2% worldwide, and almost 6–11% of patients with PsO may have inflammatory arthropathy (psoriatic arthritis). 
  • 928
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Causal Genetic and Environmental Factors for Lichen Planus
Lichen planus is a chronic disease affecting the skin, appendages, and mucous membranes. A cutaneous lichen planus is a rare disease occurring in less than 1% of the general population, while oral illness is up to five times more prevalent; still, both forms equally impair the patient’s quality of life. 
  • 927
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Exosomes in Treatment of Skin Disorders
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that can be isolated and purified from different sources such as blood, urine, breast milk, saliva, urine, umbilical cord bile cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. They have bioactive compounds that, thanks to their paracrine activity, have proven to be effective as anti-inflammatory agents, inducers of macrophage polarization and accelerators of skin repair and regeneration, reducing the possible complications relating to poor wound repair, and prolonged inflammation.
  • 924
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Visible Light as a Therapeutic Option for Pigmentary Disorders
Visible-light therapy (VLT) is commonly used for various skin diseases, mostly as a second-line option. Likewise, it plays a primary or adjunctive role in the clinical management of pigmentary disorders. In the treatment of pigmentary disorders, there are three primary types of visible-light therapies utilized: laser, intense pulsed light (IPL), and LED therapy. Each type of light has unique features and mechanisms that cater to different skin conditions and disorders.
  • 918
  • 25 Dec 2023
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