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Topic Review
Glycomimetic Peptides as Therapeutic Tools for Skin Diseases
The entry of peptides into glycobiology has led to the development of a unique class of therapeutic tools. Although numerous and well-known peptides are active as endocrine regulatory factors that bind to specific receptors, and peptides have been used extensively as epitopes for vaccine production, the use of peptides that mimic sugars as ligands of lectin-type receptors has opened a unique approach to modulate activity of immune cells. Ground-breaking work that initiated the use of peptides as tools for therapy identified sugar mimetics by screening phage display libraries. The peptides that have been discovered show significant potential as high-avidity, therapeutic tools when synthesized as multivalent structures.
  • 931
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Scarring Alopecias
Primary cicatricial alopecias (PCA) represent a challenging group of disorders that result in irreversible hair loss from the destruction and fibrosis of hair follicles. Scalp skin biopsies are considered essential in investigating these conditions. 
  • 924
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Skin Conditions during COVID-19 Era
The most frequent inflammatory skin diseases are psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, and acne. Their management is challenging for dermatologists since their relapsing chronic clinical course is associated with a great impact on quality of life.
  • 924
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Maskne
The term maskne comes from the contraction of mask-related acne. It means a form of mechanical acne resulting from the continuous adherence and friction between skin and facial mask. It typically appeares as mild papular eruption accompained by comedones and seborrhea on the O-area of the face, especially on chin and cheecks. The prolonged use of mask generates also a hot-humid microclimate on skin surface modifyng sebum production and consequently microbiota.
  • 923
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Plectin in Skin Fragility Disorders
Plectin is a multi-faceted, 500 kDa-large protein, which due to its expression in different isoforms and distinct organs acts diversely as a cytoskeletal crosslinker and signaling scaffold. It functions as a mediator of keratinocyte mechanical stability in the skin, primarily through linking intermediate filaments to hemidesmosomes. Skin fragility may occur through the presence of mutations in the gene encoding for plectin, PLEC, or through the presence of autoantibodies against the molecule.
  • 918
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Influence of Sleep and Western Diet in Psoriasis
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports psoriasis (PsO) as one of the five diseases that drastically influence patients’ quality of life. PsO is a systemic, chronic inflammatory skin disease related to epidermal keratinocyte hyperplasia and epidermal immune cell over-activation via the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis. It is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases, with a prevalence of 1–2% worldwide, and almost 6–11% of patients with PsO may have inflammatory arthropathy (psoriatic arthritis). 
  • 917
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pruritus in Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus (CKDaP) is an often under-diagnosed and under-recognized condition, despite its considerable prevalence within the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population. Universally accepted guidelines are also lacking. The true prevalence of CKDaP worldwide therefore remains unknown, although its negative impact on mortality and health-related quality of life outcomes is very clear. The pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the onset of CKDaP are only partly understood. CKDaP is currently believed to be caused by a multifactorial process, from local skin changes, metabolic alterations, the development of neuropathy and dysregulation of opioid pathways, and psychological factors. Much work has been carried out towards a more systematic and structured approach to clinical diagnosis. Various tools are now available to assess the severity of CKDaP. Many of these tools require greater validation before they can be incorporated into the guidelines and into routine clinical practice. Further efforts are also needed in order to increase the awareness of clinicians and patients so that they can identify the CKDaP signs and symptoms in a timely manner.
  • 913
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Regulatory Roles of Estrogens in Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease of the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis. The severity of psoriasis has been reported as higher in men than in women. The immunoregulatory role of female sex hormones has been proposed to be one of the factors responsible for sex differences. Among female sex hormones, estrogens have been suggested to be significantly involved in the development of psoriasis by various epidemiological and in vitro studies.
  • 910
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Lichen Planus Activity and Damage Index (LiPADI)
Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects skin, oral and genital mucosa, and other sites. 
  • 909
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Non-invasive diagnosis of mucosal melanoma
Mucosal melanoma is a rare tumor with aggressive biological behavior and poor prognosis. Diagnosis is often performed at an advanced stage when the lesions become symptomatic. Although dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) are widely used techniques for the diagnosis of cutaneous tumors, their use for mucosal lesions is not well established, probably because the latter are rarer.
  • 908
  • 25 Nov 2025
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma
Malignant melanoma (mM) is the leading cause of death among cutaneous malignancies. While its incidence is increasing, the most recent cancer statistics show a small but clear decrease in mortality rate. This trend reflects the introduction of novel and more effective therapeutic regimens, including the two cornerstones of melanoma therapy: immunotherapies and targeted therapies. Unlike chemotherapies or radiation, in which the therapy directly induces cancer cell death, immunotherapies stimulate the patient’s immune system to control and eliminate the tumor. Advantages of immunotherapies over traditional cancer treatments include increased durability for long-term control or even cure and more precisely targeted anti-tumor activity that spares healthy tissues, many times with comparable or even reduced overall toxicity. The high immunogenicity and somatic mutation burden of melanoma likely contribute to the success of immunotherapy. Treatments combining immunotherapies with targeted therapies, which disable the carcinogenic products of mutated cancer cells, have further increased treatment efficacy and durability. Toxicity and resistance, however, remain critical challenges to the field. There are three types of immunotherapies currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of advanced melanoma: (1) T-cell stimulating cytokines (i.e. interferon (IFN)-α2b and interleukin-2 (IL-2)); (2) T-cell exhaustion-mitigating immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI); and (3) a dendritic cell (DC)-activating oncolytic virus (T-VEC). Still others, such as adoptive cell transfer (ACT), hold strong promise for the future.
  • 908
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Exosomes in Treatment of Skin Disorders
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that can be isolated and purified from different sources such as blood, urine, breast milk, saliva, urine, umbilical cord bile cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. They have bioactive compounds that, thanks to their paracrine activity, have proven to be effective as anti-inflammatory agents, inducers of macrophage polarization and accelerators of skin repair and regeneration, reducing the possible complications relating to poor wound repair, and prolonged inflammation.
  • 906
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergy
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by intense pruritus, eczematous lesions, and relapsing course. It presents with great clinical heterogeneity, while underlying pathogenetic mechanisms involve a complex interplay between a dysfunctional skin barrier, immune dysregulation, microbiome dysbiosis, genetic and environmental factors. All these interactions are shaping the landscape of AD endotypes and phenotypes. In the “era of allergy epidemic”, the role of food allergy (FA) in the prevention and management of AD is a recently explored area.
  • 905
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Renin-Angiotensin System in Autoimmune Dermatological Diseases
Autoimmune dermatological diseases (AIDD) encompass a diverse group of disorders characterized by aberrant immune responses targeting the skin and its associated structures. In recent years, emerging evidence suggests a potential involvement of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathogenesis and progression of these conditions. RAS is a multicomponent cascade, primarily known for its role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. All of the RAS components play an important role in controlling inflammation and other immune responses. Angiotensin II, the main effector, acts on two essential receptors: Angiotensin Receptor 1 and 2 (AT1R and AT2R). A disturbance in the axis can lead to many pathological processes, including autoimmune (AI) diseases. AT1R activation triggers diverse signaling cascades involved in inflammation, fibrosis and tissue remodeling.
  • 895
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Henoch–Schönlein Purpura
Henoch–Schönlein purpura or IgA vasculitis is the most common type of pediatric vasculitis that may affect adults as well. It is classified as a type of small-vessel vasculitis. It can cause cutaneous and systemic symptoms with a minority of patients developing kidney failure.
  • 892
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Dermal Adipocytes
Adipocytes from the superficial layer of subcutaneous adipose tissue undergo cyclic de- and re-differentiation, which can significantly influence the development of skin inflammation under different cutaneous conditions. This inflammation can be connected with local loading of the reticular dermis with lipids released due to de-differentiation of adipocytes during the catagen phase of the hair follicle cycle. Alternatively, the inflammation parallels a widespread release of cathelicidin, which typically takes place in the anagen phase (especially in the presence of pathogens). Additionally, trans-differentiation of dermal adipocytes into myofibroblasts, which can occur under some pathological conditions, can be responsible for the development of collateral scarring in acne.
  • 891
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels and Itch
Itch (pruritus) is a sensation in the skin that provokes the desire to scratch. The sensation of itch is mediated through a subclass of primary afferent sensory neurons, termed pruriceptors, which express molecular receptors that are activated by itch-evoking ligands. Also expressed in pruriceptors are several types of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels. TRP channels are a diverse class of cation channels that are responsive to various somatosensory stimuli like touch, pain, itch, and temperature. In pruriceptors, TRP channels can be activated through intracellular signaling cascades initiated by pruritogen receptors and underly neuronal activation.
  • 891
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Skin Health and Microbiome-Targeted Strategies
The skin microbiome is a complex and dynamic ecology that resides in the skin, which is the largest organ of the human body. Prebiotics are non-digestible fibers and compounds found in certain foods that promote the activity and growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut or skin. On the other hand, live microorganisms, known as probiotics, benefit in sustaining healthy conditions when consumed in reasonable quantities.
  • 883
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Chemo-Thermo-Immunotherapy with NPrCAP and Magnetite Nanoparticles
A major advance in drug discovery and targeted therapy directed at cancer cells may be achieved by the exploitation and immunomodulation of their unique biological properties. A novel chemo-thermo-immunotherapy (CTI therapy) is developed by conjugating a melanogenesis substrate, N-propionyl cysteaminylphenol (NPrCAP: amine analog of tyrosine), with magnetite nanoparticles (MNP). In this approach, NPrCAP provides a unique drug delivery system (DDS) because of its selective incorporation into melanoma cells. It also functions as a melanoma-targeted therapeutic drug because of its production of highly reactive free radicals (melanoma-targeted chemotherapy). Moreover, the utilization of MNP is a platform to develop thermo-immunotherapy because of heat shock protein (HSP) expression upon heat generation in MNP by exposure to an alternating magnetic field (AMF).
  • 882
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Cutaneous Immune-Related Adverse Events
Dermatologic complications arise as the earliest and most frequently observed adverse events among all immune-related adverse events (irAEs), affecting between 30 and 50% of patients on Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The symptoms may significantly impair patients’ quality of life, and even lead to a pause of immunotherapy treatment. Fortunately, the majority of cirAEs seem to be mild and manageable, but there are still a few serious events (grade III or IV) being observed. Maculopapular rash, pruritus, lichenoid eruptions, and vitiligo are the most widely reported cutaneous adverse events. Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), consisting of Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), are rare but potentially life-threatening. Other less-frequent manifestations include ICI-induced dermatomyositis, Sweet syndrome, interstitial granulomatous dermatitis, pityriasis rubra pilaris-like erythroderma, and lupus-like cutaneous reaction.
  • 868
  • 28 Apr 2022
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