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Topic Review
Sample Preparation for Benzophenone Detection
The benzophenones (BPs) constitute a group of compounds belonging to waterborne pollutants of emerging concern, which have been identified in the environment as well as in human fluids, such as urine, placenta, and breast milk, with the chemical formula (C6H5)2CO or Ph2CO. They consist of two phenyl groups linked to a carbonyl group. Their accumulation and stability in the environment, combined with the revealed adverse effects on ecosystems including endocrine, reproductive, and other disorders, have triggered significant interest for research. Benzophenones should be extracted from environmental samples and determined for environmental-monitoring purposes to assess their presence and possible dangers. Numerous sample preparation methods for benzophenones in environmental matrices and industrial effluents have been proposed and their detection in more complex matrices, such as fish and sludges, has also been reported. These methods range from classical to more state-of-the-art methods, such as solid-phase extraction, dispersive SPE, LLE, SBSE, etc., and the analysis is mostly completed with liquid chromatography, using several detection modes.
  • 973
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Plasmonic based Electrochemiluminescence Biosensors
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) analysis has become a powerful tool in recent biomarker detection and clinic diagnosis due to high sensitivity and broad linear range. To improve the analytical performance of ECL biosensors, various advanced nanomaterials have been introduced to regulate ECL signal such as graphene, gold nanomaterials, quantum dots. Among these nanomaterials, some plasmonic nanostructures play important roles in the fabrication of ECL biosensors. The plasmon effect for ECL signal includes ECL quenching by resonant energy transfer, ECL enhancement by surface plasmon resonance enhancement, and change in the polarized angle of ECL emission. The influence can be regulated by the distance between ECL emitters and plasmonic materials, and the characteristic of polarization-angle-dependent surface plasmon coupling. This research outlines the recent advances of plasmonic based ECL biosensors involving various plasmonic materials include noble metals and semiconductor nanomaterials. The detection targets in these biosensors range from small molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, and cells thanks to the plasmonic effect. In addition to ECL biosensors, ECL microscopy analysis with plasmonic materials is also highlighted because of the enhanced ECL image quality by plasmonic effect. In the end, the future opportunities and challenges are discussed if more plasmonic effect will be introduced into ECL realm.
  • 963
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Biomass-Derived Furfurals, Furanic Biofuels
The concomitant hydrolysis and dehydration of biomass-derived cellulose and hemicellulose to furfural (FUR) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) under acid catalysis allows a dramatic reduction in the oxygen content of the parent sugar molecules with a 100% carbon economy. However, most applications of FUR or HMF necessitate synthetic modifications. Catalytic hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis have been recognized as efficient strategies for the selective deoxygenation and energy densification of biomass-derived furfurals generating water as the sole byproduct.
  • 953
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Design Principle of SERS Nanotags
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is an emerging spectroscopic technology. By integrating with nanotechnology (e.g., noble metal nanoparticles), SERS allows 106–1015 Raman signal amplification and thus sensitive sensing down to single molecules. In addition, SERS possesses extremely narrow Raman spectral line widths (i.e., ~1 nm), which are about 50 times narrower than the commonly used fluorescence bands.
  • 948
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Antibiotics Extraction from Shrimps Prior to Chromatographic Analysis
Antibiotics are used in aquaculture in order to control the infection outbreaks. They are natural, semisynthetic or synthetic compounds and their antibacterial effect resides on their ability to eliminate the bacteria or hinder their growth. The widespread use of antibiotics in veterinary practice and aquaculture has led to the increase of antimicrobial resistance in food-borne pathogens that may be transferred to humans. 
  • 948
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
METROFOOD-RI for Promoting Metrology in Food and Nutrition
The pan-European distributed Research Infrastructure for Promoting Metrology in Food and Nutrition (METROFOOD-RI) has evolved in the frame of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) to promote high-quality metrology services across the food chain. The METROFOOD-RI comprises physical facilities and electronic facilities. The former includes Reference Material plants and analytical laboratories (the ‘Metro’ side) and also experimental fields/farms, processing/storage plants and kitchen-labs (the ‘Food’ side). 
  • 939
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Paper-Based Biosensors
The utilization of electrochemical detection techniques in paper-based analytical devices (PADs) has revolutionized point-of-care (POC) testing, enabling the precise and discerning measurement of a diverse array of (bio)chemical analytes. The application of electrochemical sensing and paper as a suitable substrate for point-of-care testing platforms has led to the emergence of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs). The inherent advantages of these modified paper-based analytical devices have gained significant recognition in the POC field. In response, electrochemical biosensors assembled from paper-based materials have shown great promise for enhancing sensitivity and improving their range of use. In addition, paper-based platforms have numerous advantageous characteristics, including the self-sufficient conveyance of liquids, reduced resistance, minimal fabrication cost, and environmental friendliness.
  • 933
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Depolymerization of Lignin
Due to the increased and excessive consumption of fossil fuels, sustainable alternative energy sources are badly needed to replace fossil fuels. The conversion of biomass into energy and value-added chemicals is one of the most promising potential pathways to solve this problem. Millions of tons of lignin, one of the major components of biomass, are produced annually as a byproduct of various industries, where it is treated as a low-value material. However, since it has an aromatic polymer nature, lignin is a proven source for different value-added products. Studies suggest that the selective cleavage of a specific bond of the complex lignin structure is one of the major challenges of converting lignin to a targeted product. Acid and base catalytic depolymerization methods are straightforward, but due to their low selectivity and comparatively severe reaction conditions, they are expensive and not eco-friendly. Pyrolysis-based depolymerization comes with similar problems but has a higher conversion. In contrast, greener approaches, such as oxidative, microwave-assisted, super/sub-critical fluids (SCF), ionic liquid (IL), and deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based depolymerization techniques, have shown higher efficiency in terms of converting the lignin into phenolic compounds even under milder reaction conditions.
  • 932
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Imidacloprid Detection Based on Functional Nanomaterials
Imidacloprid (IMI) has been applied in agricultural production to prevent pests. It is vital to detect IMI residues with high sensitivity for food safety. In general, nanomaterials have driven the development of highly sensitive sensing platforms owing to their unique physical and chemical properties. Nanomaterials play important roles in the construction of high-performance sensors, mainly through sample pretreatment and purification, recognition molecules immobilization, signal amplification, and providing catalytic active sites. 
  • 932
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
DNA-Based Molecular Engineering of Cell Membrane
DNA, with intrinsic advantages of high versatility, programmability, and biocompatibility, has gained intense attention as a molecular tool for cell-surface engineering.
  • 930
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Modifications and Variations in Schiff Base's Functional Groups
Toxic and heavy metals pose significant environmental and health risks, necessitating the development of reliable detection methods. Schiff bases as fluorescent chemosensors have attracted intense attention because of their excellent sensitivity and selectivity towards a range of cations.
  • 922
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Graphene-Oxide-Derived Nanomaterials for the Extraction of Metals
Graphene oxide is a compound with a form similar to graphene, composed of carbon atoms in a sp2 single-atom layer of a hybrid connection. Due to its significant surface area and its good mechanical and thermal stability, graphene oxide has a plethora of applications in various scientific fields including heterogenous catalysis, gas storage, environmental remediation, etc. In analytical chemistry, graphene oxide has been successfully employed for the extraction and preconcentration of organic compounds, metal ions, and proteins. 
  • 916
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Paper-Based Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensors for Glucose Determination
The general objective of Analytical Chemistry is to obtain best-quality information in the shortest time to contribute to the resolution of real problems. In this regard, electrochemical biosensors are interesting alternatives to conventional methods thanks to their great characteristics, both those intrinsically analytical (precision, sensitivity, selectivity, etc.) and those more related to productivity (simplicity, low costs, and fast response, among others). The scientific community has made continuous progress in improving glucose biosensors, being this analyte the most important in the biosensor market, due to the large amount of people who suffer from diabetes mellitus. The sensitivity of the electrochemical techniques combined with the selectivity of the enzymatic methodologies have positioned electrochemical enzymatic sensors as the first option.
  • 915
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Chromatographic Methods for Quercetin Quantification from Natural Sources
Quercetin (QUE) is the most widely used flavonoid for therapeutic purposes. To improve the available knowledge about the properties of some natural products, determining the amount of QUE is crucial. Accordingly, the development, optimization and validation of analytical methods capable of featuring the amount of QUE in natural products is not only usefull, but necessary.
  • 913
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Deferoxamine-Based Materials and Sensors for Fe(III) Detection
Deferoxamine (DFO) is a siderophore widely studied for its ability to bind iron(III) strongly. Thanks to its versatility, it is suitable for several clinical and analytical applications, from the recognized iron(III) chelation therapy to the most recent applications in sensing. The presence of three hydroxamic functional groups enables Deferoxamine to form stable complexes with iron(III) and other divalent and trivalent metal ions. Moreover, the terminal amino group in the DFO molecule, not involved in metal ion complexation, allows modification or functionalization of solid phases, nanoobjects, biopolymers, electrodes and optical devices.
  • 898
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides’ Natural Source
Antimicrobial peptides are made by lower and higher organisms responding to pathogenic challenges. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) kill the invading pathogens and modulate the innate immune response. They are commonly classified according to their sources, amino-acid-rich species, structural characteristics, and activities. In multicellular organisms and humans, they are localized into specific sites commonly exposed to microbes (i.e., mucosa epithelia and skin).
  • 893
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Characterise Lignin in Archaeological Wood
With comparison to cellulose and hemicelluloses, lignin is generally less prone to most degradation processes affecting archaeological artefacts in burial environments, especially waterlogged ones, which are the most favourable for wood preservation. Nevertheless, lignin also undergoes significant chemical changes. As wood from waterlogged environments is mainly composed of lignin, knowledge of its chemical structure and degradation pathways is fundamental for choosing preventive conservation conditions and for optimising consolidation methods and materials, which directly interact with the residual lignin. Analytical pyrolysis coupled with mass spectrometry, used in several complementary operational modes, can gather information regarding the chemical modifications and the state of preservation of lignin, especially concerning oxidation and depolymerisation phenomena. Several applications to the analysis of wood from archaeological artefacts affected by different conservation problems are presented to showcase the potential of analytical pyrolysis in various scenarios that can be encountered when investigating archaeological waterlogged wood.
  • 878
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Hydrogel-Based Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors
Hydrogel-based wearable electrochemical biosensors (HWEBs) are emerging biomedical devices that have recently received immense interest. The exceptional properties of HWEBs include excellent biocompatibility with hydrophilic nature, high porosity, tailorable permeability, the capability of reliable and accurate detection of disease biomarkers, suitable device–human interface, facile adjustability, and stimuli responsive to the nanofiller materials. HWEBs are gaining popularity due to their numerous potential applications in various fields, including medical, environmental, and industrial applications. They have the potential to revolutionize the way biological parameters are monitored.
  • 877
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Polymer-Based Biosensors for Detection of Heavy Metals
The excessive use of pesticides and drugs, coupled with environmental pollution, has resulted in the persistence of contaminants on food. These pollutants tend to accumulate in humans through the food chain, posing a significant threat to human health. Therefore, it is crucial to develop rapid, low-cost, portable, and on-site biosensors for detecting food contaminants. Among various biosensors, polymer-based biosensors have emerged as promising probes for detection of food contaminants, due to their various functions such as target binding, enrichment, and simple signal reading. 
  • 871
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Miniaturized Microfluidic Electrochemical EBFC-SPBs
Electrochemical biosensors, in which enzymatic biofuel cells simultaneously work as energy power and signal generators, have become a research hotspot. They display the merits of power self-support, a simplified structure, in vivo operational feasibility, online and timely monitoring, etc. Since the concept of enzymatic biofuel cell-powered biosensors (EBFC-SPBs) was first proposed, its applications in health monitoring have scored tremendous achievements. 
  • 869
  • 09 Feb 2023
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