Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
HOX Proteins
Invasion and metastasis correspond to the foremost cause of cancer-related death, and the molecular networks behind these two processes are extremely complex and dependent on the intra- and extracellular conditions along with the prime of the premetastatic niche. Currently, several studies suggest an association between the levels of HOX genes expression and cancer cell invasion and metastasis, which favour the formation of novel tumour masses. The deregulation of HOX genes by HMGA2/TET1 signalling and TGFβ pathway, the HOX interference in EMT (Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition) process and the regulatory effect of noncoding RNAs (miRs and lncRNAs) generated by the HOX loci can also promote invasion and metastasis, interfering with the expression of HOX genes or other genes relevant to these processes.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Hydrogen as Radioprotective Agent
Molecular hydrogen (H2) has the potential to be a radioprotective agent because it can selectively scavenge •OH, a reactive oxygen species with strong oxidizing power. Animal experiments and clinical trials have reported that H2 exhibits a highly safe radioprotective effect.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Neutrophil in Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a malignancy with a poor prognosis and low survival rates. PDAC is characterized by a fibroinflammatory tumor microenvironment enriched by abundant fibroblasts and a variety of immune cells, contributing to its aggressiveness. Neutrophils are essential infiltrating immune cells in the PDAC microenvironment. Recent studies have identified several cellular mechanisms by which neutrophils are recruited to tumor lesions and promote tumorigenesis. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ocular Drug Delivery through thermosensitive strategies
The low bioavailability, due to the presence of physiological barriers, requires repeated ocular administrations. Hence, the development of drug delivery systems that ensure suitable drug concentration for prolonged times in different ocular tissues is certainly of great importance. In situ forming gels, expecially the nanocomposite ones,  have the undoubted advantage of being easily injectable and, owing to their sudden thickening at body temperature, have the ability to form an in situ drug reservoir. As a result, the frequency of administration can be reduced, also favoring the patient’s adhesion to therapy. Here, some of the most common treatment options for ocular diseases, with a special focus on posterior segment treatments, are summarized highlighting the most recent improvement deriving from thermosensitive drug delivery strategies. Aside from this, an additional section describes the most widespread in vitro models employed to evaluate the functionality of novel ophthalmic drug delivery systems.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Microgrid Cyber-Security
       The study examines the existing approaches to address cyber-physical security from a microgrid perspective. the work on the smart grid application, in general, lacks approach intersections and is still being dealt with from separate domains in the research world. Using the microgrid model to carry out experiments on the cyber-physical security has plenty of practical justifications attributed to the important role it plays in paving the way towards smart grids, the microgrid’s context was mainly consulted owing to the relative simplicity in capturing and recording the interventions, either as an injected attack or control modification. Cybersecurity measures for energy systems still come as accessories and not as a built-in function. In particular, for most of the part, the electricity-related equipment that gets evolved at an exponential rate makes it extremely difficult for cyber defenses’ mechanisms to keep pace with this development in the absence of up-to-date standards and common market trends. 
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Optimal Factors for Alginate Nanofabrication
On this note, biodegradable polymeric nanocarrier is deemed to control the release of the drug, stabilize labile molecules from degradation and site-specific drug targeting, with the main aim of reducing the dosing frequency and prolonging the therapeutic outcomes. Thus, it is essential to select the appropriate biopolymer material, e.g., sodium alginate to formulate nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery. Alginate has attracted considerable interest in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications as a matrix material of nanocarriers due to its inherent biological properties, including good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Various techniques have been adopted to synthesize alginate nanoparticles in order to introduce more rational, coherent, efficient and cost-effective properties.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Nov 2020
Topic Review
STRC Gene
Stereocilin: The STRC gene provides instructions for making a protein called stereocilin. 
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Transforming Residential Interiors into Workspaces during COVID-19 Pandemic
Residential interiors (RIs) have been designed by anonymous designers throughout history and have reflected their users’ identity, culture, and habits until modern times, although design and architecture courses rarely involve residential interiors in their curriculums. Therefore, decision-makers (architects, interior architects, designers, and users) took them for granted. However, COVID-19 forced revisiting this approach towards RIs and they faced a gap in the literature helping them to design these interiors, especially workspaces, in order to improve their users’ experience. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic Hemorphin Analogs Containing Non-Natural Amino Acids
The endogenous hemorphins are bioactive peptides with activity on opioid receptors. Several research teams have synthesized, characterized, and pharmacologically evaluated synthetic hemorphin analogs containing unusual amino acids, D-amino acids, α-aminophosphonic acids, and their derivatives. Research focuses on the structure-activity relationship analysis, details on specific methods for their characterization, and the advantage of synthetic hemorphin analogs compared to endogenous peptides as potent biologically active compounds with a complex mechanism of action.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Corneal Confocal Microscopy Imaging
In vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCM) is a non-invasive ophthalmic imaging technique that provides images of the cornea at the cellular level. The observation of the corneal cells, both normal and inflammatory, and the possibility of quantification of the corneal nerve density with manual or automated tools, makes IVCM have a significant potential to improve the diagnosis and prognosis in several systemic and corneal conditions.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Approach of Hosting Capacity Analysis
Distribution network operators face technical and operational challenges in integrating the increasing number of distributed energy resources (DER) with the distribution network. The hosting capacity analysis quantifies the level of DER penetration on the network without violating power supply qualities, such as over voltage, under voltage, transformer and feeder overloading, and protection failures that may be caused due to the high penetration of the DER. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques could be a useful tool for quantifying the hosting capacity of the network, real-time monitoring of the DER and network parameters and ensuring quality power supply to the consumers.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Key Technologies of Embedded AI
Advancements in artificial intelligence algorithms and models, along with embedded device support, have resulted in the issue of high energy consumption and poor compatibility when deploying artificial intelligence models and networks on embedded devices becoming solvable.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Neuroplasticity in Development, Aging, and Neurodegeneration
Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to reorganize and modify its neural connections in response to environmental stimuli, experience, learning, injury, and disease processes. It encompasses a range of mechanisms, including changes in synaptic strength and connectivity, the formation of new synapses, alterations in the structure and function of neurons, and the generation of new neurons.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemistry of Sulfides
One of the main sources of non-ferrous and precious metals is sulfide ores. The study results of the surface redox transformations of minerals, galvanic effect, cathodic oxygen reduction reaction on the surface of sulfides are presented. The electrochemical properties of sulfide minerals are manifested both in the industrial processes of flotation and hydrometallurgy and in the natural geological setting or during the storage of sulfide-containing mining, mineral processing, and metallurgical industry waste.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Biochar
Biochar, a carbon-rich material, is a by-product of pyrolysis (a thermo-chemical reaction in oxygen-depleted or oxygen-limited atmospheres). [1][2][3]
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Land Change in Ethiopian Basins
Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes analysis is one of the most useful methodologies to understand how the land was used in the past years, what types of detections are to be expected in the future, as well as the driving forces and processes behind these changes. In Ethiopia, Africa, the rapid variations of LULC observed in the last decades are mainly due to population pressure, resettlement programs, climate change, and other human- and nature-induced driving forces. Anthropogenic activities are the most significant factors adversely changing the natural status of the landscape and resources, which exerts unfavourable and adverse impacts on the environment and livelihood. The main goal of the present work is to review previous studies, discussing the spatiotemporal LULC changes in Ethiopian basins, to find out common points and gaps that exist in the current literature, to be eventually addressed in the future. A total of 25 articles, published from 2011 to 2020, were selected and reviewed, focusing on LULC classification using ArcGIS and ERDAS imagine software by unsupervised and maximum likelihood supervised classification methods. Key informant interview, focal group discussions, and collection of ground truth information using ground positioning systems for data validation were the major approaches applied in most of the studies. All the analysed research showed that, during the last decades, Ethiopian lands changed from natural to agricultural land use, waterbody, commercial farmland, and built-up/settlement. Some parts of forest land, grazing land, swamp/wetland, shrubland, rangeland, and bare/ rock out cropland cover class changed to other LULC class types, mainly as a consequence of the increasing anthropogenic pressure. 
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Crabeater Seal
The Crabeater Seal (Lobodon carcinophaga) is a fascinating marine mammal endemic to the Antarctic region. Despite its name, this species primarily feeds on krill, using specialized teeth adapted for filtering these small crustaceans from the water. With a sleek, torpedo-shaped body and distinctive fur patterns, the Crabeater Seal is an iconic inhabitant of the icy Antarctic landscape.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Dual-Targeting Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy
Single-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells tremendously improve outcomes for patients with relapsed/refractory hematological malignancies and are considered a breakthrough therapy. However, over half of treated patients experience relapse or refractory disease, with antigen escape being one of the main contributing mechanisms. Dual-targeting CAR T-cell therapy is being developed to minimize the risk of relapse or refractory disease. Preclinical and clinical data on five categories of dual-targeting CAR T-cell therapies and approximately fifty studies were summarized to offer insights and support the development of dual-targeting CAR T-cell therapy for hematological malignancies. The clinical efficacy (durability and survival) is validated and the safety profiles of dual-targeting CAR T-cell therapy are acceptable, although there is still room for improvement in the bispecific CAR structure. It is one of the best approaches to optimize the bispecific CAR structure by boosting T-cell transduction efficiency and leveraging evidence from preclinical activity and clinical efficacy.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori
H. pylori is a “fastidious” microorganism; culture methods are time-consuming and technically challenging. The advent of molecular biology techniques has enabled the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying the observed phenotypic resistance to antibiotics in H. pylori.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nutrition-Based Interventions and Menstrual Cycle
Despite the steady increase in female participation in sport over the last two decades, comprehensive research on interventions attenuating the influence of female menstrual physiology on performance remains scarce. Studies involving eumenorrheic women often only test in one menstrual phase to limit sex hormone variance, which may restrict the application of these findings to the rest of the menstrual cycle. The impacts of nutrition-based interventions on athletic performance throughout the menstrual cycle have not been fully elucidated. We addressed this gap by conducting a focused critical review of clinical studies that reported athletic outcomes as well as menstrual status for healthy eumenorrheic female participants. In total, 1443 articles were identified, and 23 articles were included.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Jul 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback