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Topic Review
Millimeter-Wave Radar Road Traffic Target Detection
Using millimeter-wave radar as a monitoring system has raised increased in various fields attributed to its high detection accuracy and weather resistance. In road traffic applications, accurate acquisition of moving target information such as pedestrians and vehicles on the road is one of traffic radar’s most basic and essential tasks. With the development of intelligent transportation systems, the timely reflection of road conditions and realization of traffic accident warnings become necessary, which puts higher requirements on the low processing delay of radar systems.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 and Ebola Virus
RNA viruses pose the greatest threat to public health, with the potential to cause global catastrophic biological events, necessitating the identification of attributes of these microorganisms so as to open up new therapeutic and prophylactic avenues. We have come across many viral outbreaks, which put vulnerable individuals at high risk but differ in the vectors of transmission, rates of fatality and transmissibility. Certain viruses such as Dengue and Zika require an intermediate host for their transmission, while diseases such as COVID-19 and Ebola Virus Disease spread directly from human to human. COVID-19, which resulted in the highest number of deaths globally, has triggered a lot of research into the mechanisms of immune responses generated by RNA viruses and also into the various approaches for combating such viral outbreaks. The experiences with the Ebola outbreak in West Africa have provided valuable lessons to the global community in shaping the initial and quick management strategies for COVID-19.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Qingdao Exchange Building
The Qingdao Exchange Building, built in the 1920s, is the largest products and stock exchange building in modern Shandong. In addition to being a historical witness to the economic development of Qingdao over the last 100 years, it has also been a historical scene of cultural exchanges between China and the West after the opening up of China in the early 20th century. After several changes in the building’s property rights, the building was out of use for a long period of time, with a large number of materials and structures being damaged. 
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Dostarlimab in Cancer Treatment
Immunotherapy is one of the four pillars of cancer treatment that has emerged as a beacon of hope for cancer patients. Certain immunotherapies, for example, immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, monoclonal antibody therapy and chimeric antigen T-cell therapy have garnered extensive interest in response to their exceptional properties that activate the immune system to respond to cancer cells, inhibiting their progression. In the era of rapid development, dostarlimab, an anti-programmed cell death protein (PD-1) monoclonal antibody has mesmerized the medical profession by showing complete (100%) cure of patients with colorectal cancer. Not only this, the results obtained from clinical trials revealed no major side effects in any of the participants in the study. Dostarlimab has also shown promising results in endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, melanoma, head and neck cancer, and breast cancer therapy. 
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Causality
Causality is the relationship between causes and effects. While causality is also a topic studied from the perspectives of philosophy and physics, it is operationalized so that causes of an event must be in the past light cone of the event and ultimately reducible to fundamental interactions. Similarly, a cause cannot have an effect outside its future light cone.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles Utilizing Plant Extracts
Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) have superior physicochemical properties and great potential in biomedical applications. Eco-friendly and economic approaches for the synthesis of PtNPs have been developed to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional physical and chemical methods. Various biogenic entities have been utilized in the green synthesis of PtNPs, including mainly plant extracts, algae, fungi bacteria, and their biomedical effects were assessed. Other biological derivatives have been used in the synthesis of PtNPs such as egg yolk, sheep milk, honey, and bovine serum albumin protein. The green approaches for the synthesis of PtNPs have reduced the reaction time, the energy required, and offered ambient conditions of fabrication. Plant extracts contain diverse primary and secondary metabolites, which could serve as natural reducing and capping agents. The plant-mediated biosynthesis of MNPs is a simple and rapid process involving mixing the plant extract with the metal ions solution at an optimized temperature and pH. The nanoparticle generation is indicated by the change in color of the reaction medium.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Protocols of Investigation of Neonatal Cholestasis
Neonatal cholestasis (NC) starts during the first three months of life and comprises extrahepatic and intrahepatic groups of diseases, some of which have high morbimortality rates if not timely identified and treated. Prolonged jaundice, clay-colored or acholic stools, and choluria in an infant indicate the urgent need to investigate the presence of NC, and thenceforth the differential diagnosis of extra- and intrahepatic causes of NC. The differential diagnosis of NC is a laborious process demanding the accurate exclusion of a wide range of diseases, through the skillful use and interpretation of several diagnostic tests. A wise integration of clinical-laboratory, histopathological, molecular, and genetic evaluations is imperative, employing extensive knowledge about each evaluated disease as well as the pitfalls of each diagnostic test. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Communications and Electronics Branch
The Communications and Electronics Branch (French: Branche des communications et de l'électronique) is a personnel branch of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF). The army component of the branch is designated the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals (French: Corps des transmissions royal du Canada).
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hangul (Obsolete Unicode Block)
Hangul, Hangul Supplementary-A, and Hangul Supplementary-B were character blocks that existed in Unicode 1.0 and 1.1, and ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993. These blocks encoded precomposed modern Hangul syllables. These three Unicode 1.x blocks were deleted and superseded by the new Hangul Syllables block (U+AC00–U+D7AF) in Unicode 2.0 (July 1996) and ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 Amd. 5 (1998), and are now occupied by CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A and Yijing Hexagram Symbols. Moving or removing existing characters has been prohibited by the Unicode Stability Policy for all versions following Unicode 2.0, so the Hangul Syllables block introduced in Unicode 2.0 is immutable.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gas Dynamic Cold Spray
TIF Cold Spray (CS) (formerly gas dynamic cold spray) is a coating deposition method. Solid powders (1 to 50 micrometers in diameter) are accelerated in a supersonic gas jet to velocities up to 500–1000 m/s. During impact with the substrate, particles undergo plastic deformation and adhere to the surface. To achieve a uniform thickness the spraying nozzle is scanned along the substrate. Metals, polymers, ceramics, composite materials and nanocrystalline powders can be deposited using cold spraying. The kinetic energy of the particles, supplied by the expansion of the gas, is converted to plastic deformation energy during bonding. Unlike thermal spraying techniques, e.g., plasma spraying, arc spraying, flame spraying, or high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF), the powders are not melted during the spraying process.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Heat Stress Effects Immunity of Dairy Cattle
Heat stress (HS) is a complex phenomenon which triggers a variety of animal response mechanisms that have negative impact on livestock welfare and their production. While these negative effects are well established and known to be associated with production responses, growing body of evidence suggests that HS leads to negative effects on the immune response of dairy cattle. The stress response primarily modulates the immune response via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis but is also likely to shift the adaptive immune function from cell mediated to humoral immunity and thus weakens the animal immune function. While the various management strategies such as providing shade and sprinklers for cows, and nutritional supplementation could be adopted to ameliorate some of the negative effects, further research is required to better understand the impact on production responses because of altered immune status of dairy cattle during HS.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Major Vegetation Indices in Precision Agriculture
Vegetation indices have a crucial role in precision agriculture and crop monitoring by providing a straightforward and reliable assessment of the condition and health of crops. Depending on the vegetation index, information on various aspects of plant growth and development can be monitored, such as chlorophyll content, leaf area, canopy structure, and water status. This information can then be used to optimize prescription rates in precision agriculture, such as variable fertilizer application, irrigation, and pesticide application. This is generally performed by identifying intra-field zones that are underperforming or experiencing stress, and target inputs to those areas to improve crop productivity and yield. Vegetation indices also provide a cost-effective and non-destructive way of crop monitoring, ensuring a widely available and environmentally sustainable approach for assessing crop health. The development of remote-sensing sensors for crop monitoring in both broadband and narrowband bands opens immense possibilities for their combination into novel vegetation indices.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Combinatorial Approaches of Pressurized Liquid Extraction
Seaweeds are an underutilized food in the Western world, but they are widely consumed in Asia, with China being the world’s larger producer. Seaweeds have gained attention in the food industry because of their composition, which includes polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, dietary fiber, and various bioactive compounds such as vitamins, essential minerals, phenolic compounds, and pigments. Extraction techniques, ranging from more traditional techniques such as maceration to novel technologies, are required to obtain these components. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is a green technique that uses high temperatures and pressure applied in conjunction with a solvent to extract components from a solid matrix. To improve the efficiency of this technique, different parameters such as the solvent, temperature, pressure, extraction time and number of cycles should be carefully optimized. It is important to note that PLE conditions allow for the extraction of target analytes in a short-time period while using less solvent and maintaining a high yield. Moreover, the combination of PLE with other techniques has been already applied to extract compounds from different matrices, including seaweeds. In this way, the combination of PLE-SFE-CO2 seems to be the best option considering both the higher yields obtained and the economic feasibility of a scaling-up approximation. 
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Educational Interventions to Increase Prosociality against Gender-Based Violence
Gender-based violence represents a problem of public interest with a high prevalence on university campuses, which has intensified the preventive strategy for potential victims. The prosocial action of the viewer provides a promising alternative to mitigate its incidence.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Thermomechanical Stress in Microelectronics Packaging Durability
Reflow soldering is the main connection technology of surface mounting. Firstly, the solder in paste form is stencil-printed onto the solder pads of the applied substrate, and then surface mounted devices are placed onto the solder deposits. Finally, the whole assembly is heated over the melting temperature of the solder alloy, which melts and forms solder joints. Surface mounting technology needs a low defect rate which is determined by process parameters, material properties, and the printed circuit board design. Accompanying the experiment and measurement, the identification and elimination of root causes can be effectively improved with numerical modelling, which also grants details to such physical mechanisms that are not even conventionally measurable.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Forecasting Motor Insurance Claims
Accurate forecasting of insurance claims is of the utmost importance for insurance activity as the evolution of claims determines cash outflows and the pricing, and thus the profitability, of the underlying insurance coverage. These are used as inputs when the insurance company drafts its business plan and determines its risk appetite, and the respective solvency capital required (by the regulators) to absorb the assumed risks. The conventional claim forecasting methods attempt to fit (each of) the claims frequency and severity with a known probability distribution function and use it to project future claims.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, characterised by a marked decline of both memory and cognition, along with pathophysiological hallmarks including amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) accumulation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, neuronal loss and inflammation in the brain. Additionally, oxidative stress caused by an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants is considered one of the main risk factors for AD, since it can result in protein, lipid and nucleic acid damage and exacerbate Aβ and tau pathology. Green tea, and its main bioactive compound, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have been targeted as a plausible option for the modulation of AD. Specifically, EGCG acts as an antioxidant by regulating inflammatory processes involved in neurodegeneration such as ferroptosis and microglia-induced cytotoxicity and by inducing signalling pathways related to neuronal survival. Furthermore, it reduces tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation and promotes the non-amyloidogenic route of APP processing, thus preventing the formation of Aβ and its subsequent accumulation.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Building Damage Assessment using Remote Sensing Satellite Images
When natural disasters occur, timely and accurate building damage assessment maps are vital for disaster management responders to organize their resources efficiently. Pairs of pre- and post-disaster remote sensing imagery have been recognized as invaluable data sources that provide useful information for building damage identification. 
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pharyngeal Patterns of Collapse in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) enables the three-dimensional and dynamic visualization of the upper airway (UA) during sleep, which is useful in selecting the best treatment option for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients, particularly for surgical procedures. 
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Phase Equilibrium Studies in the RE2O3-REF3-LiF System
The solubility of rare earth oxides in molten salt directly affects the selection of operational parameters in the electrolysis process. When the added amount of RE2O3 is less than its solubility, it leads to a decreased electrolytic efficiency. Conversely, an excessive amount of oxide is prone to settle at the bottom of the electrolytic cell, impeding smooth production. The RE2O3 solubility in the fluoride salt can be represented by the phase equilibrium of the RE2O3-REF3-LiF system. The isothermal lines in the primary phase field of rare earth oxide represent the solubility of the oxide in the fluoride salt at the corresponding temperature.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Mar 2024
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