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Topic Review
Reliability and Validity of Online Placement Test
Due to the use of English as the medium of instruction in many universities around the world, including the Middle East, the standardization of in-house locally developed English placement tests (PTs) has gained substantial importance. PTs, in general, follow several methods to place students at different levels of English language programs and may include interviewing, essay writing, multiple-choice tests, or a combination of different methods. Therefore, the evaluation of their reliability and validity depends, to a large extent, on their specific characteristics.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Maternal-Autoantibody-Related Autism
Recent studies indicate the existence of a maternal-autoantibody-related subtype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To date, a large number of studies have focused on describing patterns of brain-reactive serum antibodies in maternal-autoantibody-related (MAR) autism and some have described attempts to define the antigenic targets. This entry describes evidence on MAR autism and the various autoantibodies that have been implicated. Among other possibilities, antibodies to neuronal surface protein Contactin Associated Protein 2 (CASPR2) have been found more frequently in mothers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders or autism, and two independent experimental studies have shown pathogenicity in mice. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is another possible target for maternal antibodies as demonstrated in mice. Here, we discuss the growing evidence, discuss issues regarding biomarker definition, and summarise the therapeutic approaches that might be used to reduce or prevent the transfer of pathogenic maternal antibodies.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Sep 2020
Topic Review
ADPEAF
Autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features (ADPEAF) is an uncommon form of epilepsy that runs in families. This disorder causes seizures usually characterized by sound-related (auditory) symptoms such as buzzing, humming, or ringing.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
JAK2 in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
The discovery of the activating V617F mutation in Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) has been decisive for the understanding of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Activated JAK2 signaling by JAK2, CALR, and MPL mutations has become a focus for the development of targeted therapies for patients with MPN. JAK2 inhibitors now represent a standard of clinical care for certain forms of MPN and offer important benefits for MPN patients. However, several key aspects remain unsolved regarding the targeted therapy of MPN with JAK2 inhibitors, such as reducing the MPN clone and how to avoid or overcome a loss of response. The current knowledge on the structure and signaling of JAK2 as central elements of MPN pathogenesis and feature benefits and limitations of therapeutic JAK2 targeting in MPN were summarized.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Technologies Enabling Single-Molecule Super-Resolution Imaging of mRNA
The transient nature of RNA has rendered it one of the more difficult biological targets for imaging. This difficulty stems both from the physical properties of RNA as well as the temporal constraints associated therewith. These concerns are further complicated by the difficulty in imaging endogenous RNA within a cell that has been transfected with a target sequence. These concerns, combined with traditional concerns associated with super-resolution light microscopy has made the imaging of this critical target difficult. 
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Heat Stress Affect Wheat
Heat stress (HS) is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting the production and quality of wheat. Rising temperatures are particularly threatening to wheat production.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin C in COVID-19
There are limited proven therapies for COVID-19. Vitamin C’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects make it a potential therapeutic candidate, both for the prevention and amelioration of COVID-19 infection, and as an adjunctive therapy in the critical care of COVID-19. This literature review focuses on vitamin C deficiency in respiratory infections, including COVID-19, and the mechanisms of action in infectious disease, including support of the stress response, its role in preventing and treating colds and pneumonia, and its role in treating sepsis and COVID-19. The evidence to date indicates that oral vitamin C (2–8 g/day) may reduce the incidence and duration of respiratory infections and intravenous vitamin C (6–24 g/day) has been shown to reduce mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays, and time on mechanical ventilation for severe respiratory infections. Further trials are urgently warranted. Given the favourable safety profile and low cost of vitamin C, and the frequency of vitamin C deficiency in respiratory infections, it may be worthwhile testing patients’ vitamin C status and treating them accordingly with intravenous administration within ICUs and oral administration in hospitalised persons with COVID-19.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Binding of Cholesterol to GPCRs
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that convey extracellular signals to the cellular milieu. They represent a target for more than 30% of currently marketed drugs.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Peripheral Artery Disease
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is characterized by the development of atherosclerotic plaques in the lower-body conduit arteries. PAD is commonly accompanied by microvascular disease, which may result in poor wound healing, plantar ulcer development, and subsequent limb amputation. 
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Microbiota and Nasal Mucosal Diseases
The pathogenesis of nasal inflammatory diseases is related to various factors such as anatomical structure, heredity, and environment. The nasal microbiota play a key role in coordinating immune system functions. Dysfunction of the microbiota has a significant impact on the occurrence and development of nasal inflammation. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Sweetpotato, Functional Food in Africa
Sweetpotato is regarded as a functional food because it contains bioactive compounds. Recently, sweetpotato has gained attention in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), but research has focused on its use in alleviating micronutrient deficiencies such as vitamin A deficiency, particularly the orange-fleshed variety of sweetpotato. However, with the increased risks of non-communicable diseases plaguing developing countries, sweetpotato can be viewed in the light of a functional food. Sweetpotato has a potential of mitigating oxidative damage that leads to metabolic and other lifestyle-related diseases. Therefore, more research should focus on this aspect.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Children with Bipolar Disorder
Childhood onset bipolar disorder (CO-BD) presents a panoply of difficulties associated with early recognition and treatment. CO-BD is associated with a variety of precursors and comorbidities that have been inadequately studied, so treatment remains obscure. The earlier the onset, the longer is the delay to first treatment, and both early onset and treatment delay are associated with more depressive episodes and a poor prognosis in adulthood.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
European Medicinal Leeches
Before the advent of modern medicine, natural resources were widely used by indigenous populations for the prevention and treatment of diseases. The associated knowledge, collectively described as folk medicine or traditional medicine, was largely based on trial-and-error testing of plant extracts (herbal remedies) and the use of invertebrates, particularly medicinal maggots of the blowfly Lucilia sericata and blood-sucking leeches. The widespread use of traditional medicine in the West declined as scientific advances allowed reproducible testing under controlled conditions and gave rise to the modern fields of biomedical research and pharmacology. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Food Deserts
Food deserts means parts of the city where poor accessibility has been identified.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Lynch-like Syndrome
Lynch-like syndrome (LLS) is defined as colorectal cancer cases with microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of expression of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the absence of a germline mutation in these genes that cannot be explained by BRAF mutation or MLH1 hypermethylation.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Current Advanced on Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Blood is a connective tissue made up of approximately 34% cells and 66% plasma, transporting nutrients, gases and molecules in general to the whole body. Hematopoiesis is the main function of bone marrow. Human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells reside in the bone marrow microenvironment, making it a hotspot for the development of hematopoietic diseases. Numerous alterations that correspond to disease progression have been identified in the bone marrow stem cell niche. Complex interactions between the bone marrow microenvironment and hematopoietic stem cells determine the balance between the proliferation, differentiation and homeostasis of the stem cell compartment. Changes in this tightly regulated network can provoke malignant transformation. However, our understanding of human hematopoiesis and the associated niche biology remains limited due to accessibility to human material and the limits of in vitro culture models. Traditional culture systems for human hematopoietic studies lack microenvironment niches, spatial marrow gradients, and dense cellularity, rendering them incapable of effectively translating marrow physiology ex vivo.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Apoptosis-Associated Protein Domains
There are proteins or families of proteins that regulate the caspase activation pathways, namely, the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways, and they are identified depending on their amino acid sequence or homologue. The interactions facilitated by these protein families are driven through protein domains that are linked with the regulation of apoptosis, such as death domains (DDs), caspase recruitment domains (CARDs), death effector domains (DEDs), BCL-2 family proteins and of IAP-family proteins.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Toxicity of Zearalenone
Zearalenone (ZEA) is one of the top five agriculturally important and of greatest concern mycotoxins. Its toxicity is mainly manifested in the following aspects: reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Several acute toxicity studies have given oral LD50s of ZEA, which are above 2000, 4000, and 5000 mg/kg bw in mice, rats, and Guinea pigs, respectively. The no-observed-effect level (NOEL) of ZEA in pigs and rats shown by 90-day sub-chronic oral toxicity studies were 40 and 100 μg/kg bw, respectively. Since ZEA has an estrogen-like structure, it binds to various estrogen receptors (ERs). Therefore, low-dose ZEA interferes with the physiological–metabolic response and affects the vital functions of the body. Reproductive toxicity is one of ZEA’s main toxic effects, which causes reproductive disorders in various animals. Besides, ZEA is a potential carcinogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies ZEA as the first Class 3 carcinogen. Existing studies indicate that ZEA induces genotoxicity by DNA fragmentation, micronucleus formation, DNA adduct formation, chromosomal aberrations, and apoptosis. Additionally, ZEA induces liver lesions accompanied by cancer development. Moreover, ZEA is immunotoxic and nephrotoxic. It causes changes in immune parameters and chronic progressive nephropathy both in vivo and vitro.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Diet in Stem and Cancer Stem Cells
Diet and lifestyle factors greatly affect health and susceptibility to diseases, including cancer. Stem cells’ functions, including their ability to divide asymmetrically, set the rules for tissue homeostasis, contribute to health maintenance, and represent the entry point of cancer occurrence. Stem cell properties result from the complex integration of intrinsic, extrinsic, and systemic factors. In this context, diet-induced metabolic changes can have a profound impact on stem cell fate determination, lineage specification and differentiation.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Banking as a Service
Banking as a Service (BaaS) (also: Banking-as-a-Service) is an end-to-end process ensuring the overall execution of a financial service provided over the Web. Such a digital banking service is available on demand and is carried out within a set time-frame.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2022
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