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Topic Review
Probiotic-Produced Metabolites
Probiotic bacteria (PB) are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are the most common probiotics, but the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus species are also widely known.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Antecedents/Effects of Loyalty on Food Retailers toward Sustainability
Loyalty is one of the most important assets of a corporate brand. The growth of customer-centric marketing has occurred in the product-, market-, and customer-oriented phases.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino
The calyxes and fruits of Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino (P. alkekengi), a medicinal and edible plant, are frequently used as heat-clearing and detoxifying agents in thousands of Chinese medicine prescriptions. For thousands of years in China, they have been widely used in clinical practice to treat throat disease, hepatitis, and bacillary dysentery.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Euphorbia cactus
Euphorbia cactus Ehrenb ex Boiss. is a plant species reported from central Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula, belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae. The plant has ethnobotanical values and is well-known for its milky latex, which has been turned into medicine to treat various ailments. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Enhance Learning Experience with Mobile-Assisted Language Learning
With the growth of information and communication technology, technology-enhanced language learning has been increasingly regarded as a successful way to support learners with more interconnecting and collaborative language learning environments. Since smartphones have recently become an indispensable item in modern society, mobile-assisted language learning (m-learning) has been introduced to assist students’ language learning with the convenient features of digital devices and mobile technologies.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
TMDs in Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries
Owing to the unique layered structure and more desirable layer spacing, transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials are considered as the comparatively ideal cathode material of ZIBs which facilitate the intercalation/ deintercalation of hydrated Zn2+ between layers.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Isotopes of Osmium
Osmium (76Os) has seven naturally occurring isotopes, five of which are stable: 187Os, 188Os, 189Os, 190Os, and (most abundant) 192Os. The other natural isotopes, 184Os, and 186Os, have extremely long half-life (1.12×1013 years and 2×1015 years, respectively) and for practical purposes can be considered to be stable as well. 187Os is the daughter of 187Re (half-life 4.56×1010 years) and is most often measured in an 187Os/188Os ratio. This ratio, as well as the 187Re/188Os ratio, have been used extensively in dating terrestrial as well as meteoric rocks. It has also been used to measure the intensity of continental weathering over geologic time and to fix minimum ages for stabilization of the mantle roots of continental cratons. However, the most notable application of Os in dating has been in conjunction with iridium, to analyze the layer of shocked quartz along the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary that marks the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. There are also 30 artificial radioisotopes, the longest-lived of which is 194Os with a half-life of six years; all others have half-lives under 94 days. There are also nine known nuclear isomers, the longest-lived of which is 191mOs with a half-life of 13.10 hours. All isotopes and nuclear isomers of osmium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Khatt Shebib
The Khatt Shebib is an ancient wall in Southern Jordan. The remains of the wall are 150 km long, making it the longest linear archaeological site in Jordan. The archaeological ruins were first identified by British diplomat Sir Alec Kirkbride in 1948. Ever since, a range of disciplines, including archaeologists, scientists and anthropologists, have studied the wall. The date of the Khatt Shebib's construction is still unknown, however, it has been widely debated by archaeologists. This is evident as some archaeologists argue that the wall was built in the Iron Age, whilst others argue it was constructed in the Nabataean period. The Khatt Shebib was built and used by the semi-nomadic Bedouin people, whose livelihoods consisted of herding and farming in the harsh, arid environment of the Jordan desert. The Khatt Shebib was not used for military purposes rather the ancient wall served as a border. At the time of its construction, the wall was approximately no taller than a meter and a half high. Due to various threats to the integrity of the wall, including climatic issues and growing population pressures, the wall is significantly smaller. The Khatt Shebib has gained increasing attention amongst archaeologists. The leading method of studying the wall is aerial archaeology and multiple international archaeological organisation have established projects in order to understand and discover more about the wall.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Polymer/Enzyme Composite Materials
A significant interest was granted to enzymes, which are versatile catalysts characterized by natural origin, with high specificity and selectivity for particular substrates. Additionally, some enzymes are involved in the production of high-valuable products, such as antibiotics, while others are known for their ability to transform emerging contaminates, such as dyes and pesticides, to simpler molecules with a lower environmental impact. Nevertheless, the use of enzymes in industrial applications is limited by their reduced stability in extreme conditions and by their difficult recovery and reusability. Rationally, enzyme immobilization on organic or inorganic matrices proved to be one of the most successful innovative approaches to increase the stability of enzymatic catalysts. By the immobilization of enzymes on support materials, composite biocatalysts are obtained that pose an improved stability, preserving the enzymatic activity and some of the support material’s properties. Of high interest are the polymer/enzyme composites, which are obtained by the chemical or physical attachment of enzymes on polymer matrices.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Proposed SLS and Orion Missions
NASA's new Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion programs will allow for beyond low-Earth orbit spaceflight. There are a number of notional, proposed missions for the programs, none of which are confirmed.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Deformation Theory
In mathematics, deformation theory is the study of infinitesimal conditions associated with varying a solution P of a problem to slightly different solutions Pε, where ε is a small number, or vector of small quantities. The infinitesimal conditions are therefore the result of applying the approach of differential calculus to solving a problem with constraints. One might think, in analogy, of a structure that is not completely rigid, and that deforms slightly to accommodate forces applied from the outside; this explains the name. Some characteristic phenomena are: the derivation of first-order equations by treating the ε quantities as having negligible squares; the possibility of isolated solutions, in that varying a solution may not be possible, or does not bring anything new; and the question of whether the infinitesimal constraints actually 'integrate', so that their solution does provide small variations. In some form these considerations have a history of centuries in mathematics, but also in physics and engineering. For example, in the geometry of numbers a class of results called isolation theorems was recognised, with the topological interpretation of an open orbit (of a group action) around a given solution. Perturbation theory also looks at deformations, in general of operators.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Protein Film Voltammetry
In electrochemistry, protein film voltammetry (or protein film electrochemistry, or direct electrochemistry of proteins) is a technique for examining the behavior of proteins immobilized (either adsorbed or covalently attached) on an electrode. The technique is applicable to proteins and enzymes that engage in electron transfer reactions and it is part of the methods available to study enzyme kinetics. Provided that it makes suitable contact with the electrode surface (electron transfer between the electrode and the protein is direct) and provided that it is not denatured, the protein can be fruitfully interrogated by monitoring current as a function of electrode potential and other experimental parameters. Various electrode materials can be used. Special electrode designs are required to address membrane-bound proteins.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Digitalisation in the Energy Sector Enterprisess
The energy sector is an important sector of the economy, determining the socio-economic development of each country and, globally, having a strong impact on the environment and climate change. This makes energy an area of the global economy where major technological and organisational transformations are taking place, based on a wide range of digital innovations being implemented.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Classification and Analysis of Single Phase Transformerless Inverters
The uses of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) inverters are increasing day by day due to the scarcity of fossil fuels such as coal and gas. Due to their superior efficiency, lower cost, smaller size, and lighter weight when compared to inverters with transformers, transformerless inverters for low-voltage single-phase grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) systems have attracted more interest. 
  • 1.3K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Deep Eutectic Solvents for C–H Activation
Green chemistry principles have underpinned the development of deep eutectic solvents (DESs). 
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Reasons for Withdrawal of Microplastics from Abrasive Cosmetics
Microplastics have been widely used in cosmetics and, among other things, very often as an abrasive component in peelings. This type of additive is not the main cause of environmental microplastic contamination, but it can pose a significant threat to the environment and to people. Manufacturers are increasingly taking the decision to withdraw microplastics from cosmetics, replacing them with alternatives, and this is also happening because of legal requirements. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles from WPCBs
Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), constituting approximately 10% of all electronic waste (e-waste), are particularly intriguing due to their high content of valuable metals and rare earth elements.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
1q21.1 CNV in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
The 1q21.1 CNVs, rare and large chromosomal microduplications and microdeletions, are detected in many patients with NDs. Phenotypes of duplication and deletion appear at the two ends of the spectrum. Microdeletions are predominant in individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ) and microcephaly, whereas microduplications are predominant in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and macrocephaly.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Intestinal Mucosa-Associated Immune System—GALT
The intestinal mucosa is not only the primary site of nutrient digestion and absorption, but also the innate defence barrier against most intestinal pathogens. The intestinal barrier is in turn composed of a mechanical barrier, a biological barrier, a chemical barrier, and an immunological barrier.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Matrix Regulation in Brain Disease
The extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounds cells in the brain, providing structural and functional support. Emerging studies demonstrate that the ECM plays important roles during development, in the healthy adult brain, and in brain diseases.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 May 2023
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