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Topic Review
Epigenetic mechanisms in gastric cancer
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide. Complex disease heterogeneity, late diagnosis, and suboptimal therapies result in the poor prognosis of patients. Besides genetic alterations and environmental factors, it has been demonstrated that alterations of the epigenetic machinery guide cancer onset and progression, representing a hallmark of gastric malignancies. Moreover, epigenetic mechanisms undergo an intricate crosstalk, and distinct epigenomic profiles can be shaped under different microenvironmental contexts. In this scenario, targeting epigenetic mechanisms could be an interesting therapeutic strategy to overcome gastric cancer heterogeneity, and the efforts conducted to date are delivering promising results.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Allotetraploid Cotton
Allotetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense) are cultivated worldwide for its white fiber. Since centuries, conventional breeding approaches increase cotton yield at the cost of extensive erosion of natural genetic variability. Sea Island cotton (G. barbadense) is known for its superior fiber quality, but show poor adaptability as compared to Upland cotton. Hence, there is a dire need to improve the current germplasm resources of Sea Island cotton to develop diverse breeding lines with improved adaptability and excellent agronomic and economic traits. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is an excellent mutagenic agent that induces genome-wide point mutations to activate the mutagenic potential of plants. In current study, we determined the optimal EMS experimental procedure suitable for construction of cotton mutant library. At M6 generation, mutant library comprised of lines with distinguished phenotypes of the plant architecture, leaf, flower, boll and fiber. Genome wide analysis of SNP distribution and density in yellow leaf mutants reflected the better quality of mutant library. Our mutant collection will serve as the valuable resource for basic research on cotton functional genomics, as well as cotton breeding.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Bone Regeneration
This work explores the potential research opportunities and challenges of 3D printed biodegradable composite-based scaffolds containing carbon-based nanomaterials for bone tissue engineering applications. Bone possesses an inherent capacity to fix itself. However, when a defect larger than a critical size appears, external solutions must be applied. Traditionally, autograft has been the most used solution in these situations. However, it presents some issues such as donor-site morbidity. In this context, porous biodegradable scaffolds have emerged as an interesting solution. For adequate performance, these scaffolds must meet specific requirements: biocompatibility, interconnected porosity, mechanical properties, and biodegradability. The development of additive manufacturing methods has proposed a promising solution for this application since they allow the complete customization and control of scaffolds geometry and porosity. Furthermore, carbon-based nanomaterials present the potential to impart osteoconductivity and antimicrobial properties and reinforce the matrix from a mechanical perspective. These properties make them ideal for use as nanomaterials to improve the properties and performance of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. 
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Dec 2020
Topic Review
NAFLD and Nutrition
NAFLD is the world’s most common chronic liver disease, and its increasing prevalence parallels the global rise in diabetes and obesity. It is characterised by fat accumulation in the liver evolving to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an inflammatory subtype that can lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.  An unhealthy diet rich in calories, sugars and saturated fats, and low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, fibre, and micronutrients plays a critical role in the development and progression of this disease. Currently, there is no effective pharmacotherapeutic treatment for NAFLD. Treatment is therefore based on lifestyle modifications including changes to diet and exercise, although it is unclear what the most effective form of intervention is.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Centrosome in Inflammatory Response/Metastatic Process
The centrosome plays a major role in organizing the microtubule cytoskeleton in animal cells regulating cellular architecture and cell division. Loss of centrosome integrity activates the p38-p53-p21 pathway, which results in cell-cycle arrest or senescence and acts as a cell-cycle checkpoint pathway. Structural and numerical centrosome abnormalities can lead to aneuploidy and chromosomal instability (CIN). New findings derived from studies on cancer and rare genetic disorders suggest that centrosome dysfunction alters the cellular microenvironment through Rho GTPases, p38, and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal Kinase)-dependent signaling in a way that is favorable for pro-invasive secretory phenotypes and aneuploidy tolerance. 
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Pregnancy
Magnetic resonance imaging is commonly used in pregnant women to evaluate, most frequently, acute abdominal and pelvic pain or placental abnormalities, as well as neurological or fetal abnormalities, infections, or neoplasms. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cows and Pain
The main conditions and diseases considered painful in dairy cows are mastitis, lameness, calving (including dystocia and caesarean section) and metritis. The cattle literature reports that deviation from normal daily activity patterns (both increased and/or reduced daily lying time) can be indicative of painful conditions and diseases in cows. This entry discusses on how pain due to several health conditions in dairy cows modifies its activity pattern and explores if non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are capable of restoring it. Divergent outcomes may differ depending upon the painful cause, the severity and the moment, and consequently its interpretation should be properly explained. For instance, cows with clinical mastitis reduced their time lying and increased the number of lying bouts and stepping due to pain caused by the swollen udder when cows are lying. However, lame cows show longer lying times, with a lower number of lying bouts and longer and more variable lying bouts duration, as compared to non-lame cows. When the relationship between painful disorders and daily activity patterns is studied, factors such as parity, bedding type and severity of disease are important factors to take into consideration. The potential benefits of the NSAIDs treatment in painful health disorders depend upon the type of drug administered, its dosage and administration mode, and the time of administration relative to the painful health disorder. 
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Transition Metal Oxide Electrode Materials
The rising use of nonrenewable fossil fuels in recent decades has put human existence in grave danger. As a result, it is imperative to design environmentally friendly and cost-effective energy storage devices. Supercapacitors are a promising energy device because of their high power density, outstanding cycle stability, and quick charge/discharge process. However, supercapacitors' energy density is still lower than that of conventional batteries'. Supercapacitors' electrochemical performance is heavily influenced by the electrode materials, as is well-known to everyone.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Adolescent Pet Companionship
Adolescence is a prime developmental period to explore human–pet relationships, particularly given that teens are often relying less on their families, and more on other attachment figures such as peers and pets. The three main themes for perceived benefits of pets included social (e.g., reducing anxiety), physical (e.g., screen time companionship), and emotional (e.g., regulation of difficult emotions such as anger, loneliness). 
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
MSC-Secretome for Autoimmune and Immune-mediated Inflammatory Diseases
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) encompass several entities such as “classic” autoimmune disorders or immune-mediated diseases with autoinflammatory characteristics. Adult stem cells including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are by far the most commonly used type in clinical practice. However, due to the possible side effects of MSC-based treatments, there is an increase in interest in the MSC-secretome (containing large extracellular vesicles, microvesicles, and exosomes) as an alternative therapeutic option in IMIDs. A wide spectrum of MSC-secretome-related biological activities has been proven including anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory properties. In comparison with MSCs, the secretome is less immunogenic but exerts similar biological actions, so it can be considered as an ideal cell-free therapeutic alternative. 
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Thiocoumarins
Thiocoumarins are a particular class of coumarins in which one or two of the oxygen atoms are replaced by a sulfur. They are chemically subdivided in three groups: Thiocoumarins, 2-thioxocoumarins, and dithiocoumarins.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Th17 Lymphocytes in Breast Cancer
Th17 cells are the main source of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17; however, the receptor of this cytokine (IL-17R) is distributed ubiquitously. IL-17 (IL-17A) is a member of the IL-17 cytokine family consisting of IL-17A–F (IL-17E is also known as IL-25) and directly links inflammatory responses and T-cell activation.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Sorghum Flour Application in Flat Breads
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a grass belonging to the Andropogoneae tribe of the Poaceae family (alt. Gramineae) and is among the top five cereals in the total world production after wheat, maize, rice, and barley. Sorghum is a warm season cereal with a C4 photosynthetic pathway. Sorghum flour has been used in bread, especially in flat breads such as roti, injera, and kisra. Since sorghum proteins lack the unique functional properties of wheat proteins in terms of viscoelastic dough formation, sorghum flour has been used in flat breads for many years.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Toothlessness
Toothlessness or edentulism is the condition of having no teeth. In organisms that naturally have teeth, it is the result of tooth loss. Organisms that never possessed teeth can also be described as edentulous, such as members of the former zoological classification order of Edentata, which included anteaters and sloths, all of which possess no anterior teeth and either no or poorly developed posterior teeth. In naturally dentate species, edentulism is more than just the simple presence or absence of teeth; it is biochemically complex, because the teeth, jaws, and oral mucosa are not static objects; they are dynamic (changing over time). Processes such as bone remodeling (loss and gain of bone tissue) in the jaws and inflammation of soft tissue in response to the oral microbiota are clinically important for edentulous people. For example, bone resorption in the jaw is frequently how the teeth were able to detach in the first place; the jaw in an edentulous area undergoes further resorption even after the teeth are gone; and insertion of dental implants can elicit new bone formation, leading to osseointegration. Meanwhile, bacteria and yeasts of the oral cavity and the immune system of their host create an immensely complicated and constantly changing interplay that presents clinically as gingivitis, caries, stomatitis, and other periodontal pathology.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Essential Oil-Based Anticholinesterase Insecticides against Anopheles Vectors
The insect's nervous system is critical for its functionality. The cholinergic system, of which acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a key enzyme, is essential to the Anopheles (consisting of major malaria vector species) nervous system. Furthermore, the nervous system is also the primary target site for insecticides used in malaria vector control programs. Insecticides, incorporated in insecticide-treated nets and used for indoor residual spraying, are a core intervention employed in malaria vector control. 
  • 1.4K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Ginger on Inflammatory Diseases
Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and lupus erythematosus are some of common inflammatory diseases. These affections are highly disabling and share signals such as inflammatory sequences and immune dysregulation. The use of foods with anti-inflammatory properties such as ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) could improve the quality of life of these patients. Ginger is a plant widely used and known by its bioactive compounds. There is enough evidence to prove that ginger possesses multiple biological activities, especially antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Types of Learning and Memory in Zebrafish
Cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thinking, learning, memorizing and sensing. Zebrafish display different learning abilities, such as associative, non-associative, social (shoaling) and motor learning. In social learning, a group of zebrafish learned faster than a single individual. In motor learning, zebrafish adapted locomotor commands to execute accurate movements that relied on sensory feedback 
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Allelopathy in Grasslands and Forests
Plants can produce and release allelochemicals to interfere with the establishment and growth of conspecific and interspecific plants. Such allelopathy is an important mediator among plant species in natural and managed ecosystems.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
TDP-43 Pathobiology Informed Biomarker Development
TDP-43 belongs to a family of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP). Structurally, TDP-43 consists of a structured N-terminal domain (NTD) involved in physiological self-oligomerization, followed by two tandem RNA-recognition motifs (RRM), which bind to certain nuclear transcripts and therefore regulate important DNA/RNA metabolism functions.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Direct Methods for Solar Energy Harnessing
The escalating concerns regarding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and finite fossil fuel resources have propelled scientists and engineers to explore alternative and renewable energy sources (RES). Among these, solar energy stands out as a remarkable prospect because it is abundant, renewable, and emits no direct pollutants during operation. The fundamental principles of solar energy conversion through photovoltaic technology is introduction, shedding light on the progress and potential of harnessing the sun’s energy for a cleaner, sustainable energy future.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Sep 2023
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