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Topic Review
Side Effects Mechanism of CAR-T Cell Therapy
T cells can be genetically engineered to host chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which can enable the identification and elimination of cancer cells. CARs usually consist of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv, extracellular ligand-binding domain), a spacer domain, a transmembrane region, and intracellular domains. Numerous CAR-T cell treatments have demonstrated exceptional clinical success in treating hematologic malignancies and displayed the immense promise of this ground-breaking technique for cancer immunotherapy. The main impediments to the development of CAR-T cell therapies are the following: cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune-effector-cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), and on-target/off-tumor toxicity (OTOT).
  • 660
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
KRAS in diagnosis of PDAC
This meta-analysis aims to identify the diagnostic accuracy of mutations in the Kirsten Rat Sarcoma (KRAS) oncogene in the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The survival of PDAC remains poor often due to the fact that disease is advanced at diagnosis. We analysed 22 studies, with a total of 2156 patients, to identify if the detection of KRAS mutations from pancreatic exocrine secretions yields sufficient specificity and sensitivity to detect patients with PDAC amongst healthy individuals. The majority of the studies were retrospective, samples were obtained endoscopically or surgically, and included comparator populations of patients with chronic pancreatitis and pre-malignant pancreatic lesions (PanIN) as well as healthy controls. We performed several analyses to identify the diagnostic accuracy for PDAC among these patient populations. Our results highlighted that the diagnostic accuracy of KRAS mutation for PDAC was of variable sensitivity and specificity when compared with PanINs and chronic pancreatitis, but had a higher specificity among healthy individuals. The sensitivity of this test must be improved to prevent missing early PDAC or PanINs. This could be achieved with rigorous prospective cohort studies, in which high-risk patients with normal cross-sectional imaging undergo surveillance following KRAS mutation testing.
  • 659
  • 26 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Fanconi Anaemia Protein in ALT cells
Fanconi anaemia (FA)-related proteins function in interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair pathways and multiple damage repair pathways. Recent studies have found that FA proteins are involved in the regulation of replication stress (RS) in alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Since ALT cells often exhibit high-frequency ATRX mutations and high levels of telomeric secondary structure, high levels of DNA damage and replicative stress exist in ALT cells. Persistent replication stress is required to maintain the activity of ALT mechanistically, while excessive replication stress causes ALT cell death. FA proteins such as FANCD2 and FANCM are involved in the regulation of this balance by resolving or inhibiting the formation of telomere secondary structures to stabilize stalled replication forks and promote break-induced repair (BIR) to maintain the survival of ALT tumour cells.
  • 659
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Glioblastoma Biomarkers in Body Fluids
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and lethal primary brain cancer that necessitates early detection and accurate diagnosis for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as imaging techniques and tissue biopsies, have limitations in providing real-time information and distinguishing treatment-related changes from tumor progression. Liquid biopsies, used to analyze biomarkers in body fluids, offer a non-invasive and dynamic approach to detecting and monitoring GBM.
  • 659
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cannabidiol in Cancer Management
Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the main constituents of the plant Cannabis sativa. Surveys suggest that medicinal cannabis is popular amongst people diagnosed with cancer. CBD is one of the key constituents of cannabis, and does not have the potentially intoxicating effects that tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the other key phytocannabinoid has. Research suggests that CBD may be able to address some of the hallmarks of cancer, as well as treat many of the symptoms and signs associated with cancer and its orthodox treatment. There is also evidence that CBD can work synergistically with some chemotherapeutic agents. CBD shows much promise in the integrative management of cancer. 
  • 658
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Role of GD3 Synthase ST8Sia I in Cancers
GD3 synthase controls the biosynthesis of complex gangliosides, bearing two or more sialic acid residues. Disialylated gangliosides GD3 and GD2 are tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) in neuro–ectoderm-derived cancers, and are directly involved in cell malignant properties, i.e., migration, invasion, stemness, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Since GD3 and GD2 levels are directly linked to GD3 synthase expression and activity, targeting GD3 synthase appears to be a promising strategy through which to interfere with ganglioside-associated malignant properties. 
  • 658
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hyponatremia in Cancer
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in hospitalized patients. This applies also to cancer patients. Multiple causes can lead to hyponatremia, but most frequently this electrolyte disorder is due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. In cancer patients, this syndrome is mostly secondary to ectopic secretion of arginine vasopressin by tumoral cells. 
  • 658
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Radionuclides and Radiolabelled Peptides for Cancer Therapeutics
Radiopharmaceutical therapy, which can detect and treat tumours simultaneously, was introduced more than 80 years ago, and it has changed medical strategies with respect to cancer. Many radioactive radionuclides have been developed, and functional, molecularly modified radiolabelled peptides have been used to produce biomolecules and therapeutics that are vastly utilised in the field of radio medicine. Advanced technologies, such as conjugation of functional peptides or incorporation of radionuclides into chelating ligands, have been developed for advanced radiopharmaceutical cancer therapy. New radiolabelled conjugates for targeted radiotherapy have been designed to deliver radiation directly to cancer cells with improved specificity and minimal damage to the surrounding normal tissue. The development of new theragnostic radionuclides, which can be used for both imaging and therapy purposes, allows for more precise targeting and monitoring of the treatment response. The increased use of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is also important in the targeting of specific receptors which are overexpressed in cancer cells.
  • 657
  • 03 May 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is a prevalent cancer associated with poor prognosis in advanced stages. Despite advancements in diagnostic tools, there have been minimal improvements in therapeutic approaches. The potential new frontier lies in the realm of biomarkers.
  • 657
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Anticancer Oximes
Among the indole-based oximes and oxime ethers, derivatives of indirubin (5) have been extensively investigated for their anticancer activity.
  • 657
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
SC and TE Treatment of Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction
Tissue engineering (TE) is a rapidly evolving biomedical discipline that can play an important role in treating neurogenic bladder dysfunction and compensating for conventional options’ shortcomings. 
  • 656
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Second Tumors in Retinoblastoma Survivors after Ionizing Radiation
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common ocular neoplasm in children, whose development depends on two mutational events that occur in both alleles of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1). Regarding the nature of these mutational events, RB can be classified as hereditary if the first event is a germline mutation and the second one is a somatic mutation in retina cells or nonhereditary if both mutational events occur in somatic cells. Although the rate of survival of RB is significantly elevated, the incidence of second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) is a concern, since SMNs are the main cause of death in these patients. Furthermore, evidence confirms that hereditary RB survivors are at a higher risk for SMNs than nonhereditary RB survivors. This risk seems to increase with the use of ionizing radiation in some therapeutic approaches commonly used in the treatment of RB.
  • 655
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
PARP Inhibitors in Prostate Cancer
The introduction of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) in prostate cancer is a milestone and provides a pathway to hope in fighting this disease. It is the first time that drugs, based on the concept of synthetic lethality, have been approved for prostate cancer. In addition, it is also the first time that genetic mutation tests have been included in the therapeutic algorithm of this disease, representing a significant step forward for precision and personalized treatment of prostate cancer.
  • 654
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Radiotherapy Dosimetry Applications of PRESAGE
PRESAGE is a commercial radiochromic polymer dosimeter that was introduced by John Adamovics. It exhibits several strong advantages compared to other polymer gel dosimeters. The implementation of PRESAGE dosimetry is useful for complex radiotherapy treatment verifications, which include VMAT, IMRT, radiosurgery, and brachytherapy. 
  • 654
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
The Functions of CD30
Previous studies have identified the functional roles of CD30, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, in CD30-expressing malignant lymphomas, including Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), and a portion of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). 
  • 654
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Analysis of Melanoma Insensitivity
Melanomas are diagnosed at various stages of the disease and in different anatomical positions, which makes it rather difficult to determine and choose the appropriate treatment options. The identification of biomarkers may present clinicians with the ability to determine which treatments will be successful and which may fail due to the development of resistance. One such biomarker informing clinicians what ICI not to use to treat patients is lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3), a molecule expressed on the surface of and affecting the functionality of regulatory T cells (Tregs).
  • 653
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Exosomes in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of malignancy which covers almost one-fourth of all the cancers diagnosed in women. Conventionally, chemo-, hormonal-, immune-, surgery, and radiotherapy are the clinically available therapies for BC. However, toxicity and other related adverse effects are still the major challenges. A variety of nanoplatforms have been reported to overcome these limitations, among them, exosomes provide a versatile platform not only for the diagnosis but also as a delivery vehicle for drugs. Exosomes are biological nanovesicles made up of a lipidic bilayer and known for cell-to-cell communication. Exosomes have been reported to be present in almost all bodily fluids, viz., blood, milk, urine, saliva, pancreatic juice, bile, peritoneal, and cerebrospinal fluid.
  • 653
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
AI-Enhanced Diagnostical Pathway in Bladder Cancer Diagnosis
Bladder cancer (BCa) is one of the most diagnosed urological malignancies. A timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial at the first assessment as well as at the follow up after curative treatments. Moreover, in the era of precision medicine, proper molecular characterization and pathological evaluation are key drivers of a patient-tailored management.
  • 653
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Androgen Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteases in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer represents the most common type of cancer among males and the second leading cause of cancer death in men in Western society. In most cases (~70%), PC has a slow and symptom-free growth, whereas it is more aggressive in the remaining patients. PC therapies prevalently target the proliferative function of the androgen receptor and may only be effective within short periods, beyond which the disease will progress to metastatic and castration-resistant phenotype. Preclinical and clinical studies are aimed at investigating the molecular basis for prostate cancer spreading. Although considerable efforts have been made to dissect the programs that foster prostate cancer spreading, few biomarkers predictive of metastatic phenotype have yet been identified and few therapeutic options are available for treatment of the metastatic disease.
  • 653
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Breast Cancer and Anaesthesia
Breast cancer is the leading cause of mortality in women. Even when the tumor is completely resected, tumor recurrence occurs in up to one third of patients, with metastatic disease being the direct cause of death. Surgery may generate systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which causes oxidative stress, and in turn impairs the anti-tumor immunologic response. Surgical stress activates a neuroendocrine response in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which results in the suppression of cell-mediated immunity (CMI); this suppression is induced by the release of neuroendocrine mediators such as catecholamines, cortisol, and cytokines. These mediators, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and interleukin (IL) 6 and 8, are endogenous regulators that promote tumor growth and angiogenesis, thereby favoring metastasis. Recent studies reveal that the type of anaesthesia administered during cancer surgery may influence the course of the disease. 
  • 652
  • 26 Jul 2021
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