Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Supply Chain Risk Management
Supply chain risk management is an integral function of the supply network. It faces unpredictable challenges due to nations’ economic policies and globalization, which have raised uncertainty and challenges for supply chain organizations. These significantly affect the financial performance of the organizations and the economy of a nation. 
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
CGAS in Innate Immunity
Cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS) is the synthase that generates the second messenger cyclic GMP–AMP (cGAMP) upon DNA binding. cGAS was first discovered as the cytosolic DNA sensor that detects DNA exposed in the cytoplasm either from pathogens or cellular damage. Activated cGAS instigates the signaling cascades to activate type I interferon (IFN) expression, critical for host defense and autoimmune diseases. In addition, cGAS plays a role in senescence, DNA repair, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. Recently, various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of cGAS have been reported, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, glutamylation, and sumoylation. These PTMs profoundly affect cGAS functions. Thus, here we review the recent reported PTMs of cGAS and how these PTMs regulate cGAS enzymatic activity, DNA binding, and protein stability, and discuss the potential future directions.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Endoscopic Transpapillary
Endoscopic transpapillary defined as all types of advanced endoscopic interventions on pancreatic or billiary ducts through the major duodenal papilla. These interventions are mainly performed during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Access to duodenal papilla is achieved endoscopically. After reaching the duodenal papilla in descending part of duodenum, endoscopic interventions on pancreatic or billiary ducts through duodenal papilla are being performed under fluoroscopic control.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Washing Damage in E-Textiles
E-textiles, hybrid products that incorporate electronic functionality into textiles, often need to withstand washing procedures to ensure textile typical usability. Yet, the washability—which is essential for many e-textile applications like medical or sports due to hygiene requirements—is often still insufficient. The influence factors for washing damage in textile integrated electronics as well as common weak points are not extensively researched, which makes a targeted approach to improve washability in e-textiles difficult. 
  • 1.4K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
IL-6 Signaling in colorectal cancer onset and progression
IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine showing both pro- and anti-inflammatory roles.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas in Research of Telomeres
Telomeres are highly specialized nucleoprotein complexes that play a critical role in cell senescence and aging. Each chromosomal end must be “capped” with a critical amount of telomere repeats to prevent DNA repair pathways from being activated. As a result of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated system’s (Cas) method, targeted genetic studies are now underway to change telomerase, the genes that govern it as well as telomeres.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Developments in Algorithms for Sequence Alignment
Pairwise sequence alignment is the basis of multiple sequence alignment and mainly divided into local alignment and global alignment. The former is to find and align the similar local region, and the latter is end-to-end alignment. A commonly used global alignment algorithm is the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm, which has become the basic algorithm that is used in many types of multiple sequence alignment software. The algorithm usually consists of two steps: one is calculating the states of the dynamic programming matrix; and the other is tracking back from the final state to the initial state of the dynamic programming matrix to obtain the solution of alignment. Time and space complexity of pairwise sequence alignment algorithms based on dynamic programming is O(l1l2), where l1 and l2 are the lengths of the two sequences to be aligned. Such overheads are acceptable for short sequences but not for sequences with more than several thousand sites. As a space-saving strategy of the dynamic programming algorithm, the Hirschberg algorithm is able to complete alignment by the space complexity of O(l) without any sacrifice of quality.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Adaptive and Intelligent Educational System
There has been much discussion among academics on how pupils may be taught online while yet maintaining a high degree of learning efficiency, in part because of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic in the previous two years. Students may have trouble focusing due to a lack of teacher–student interaction, yet online learning has some advantages that are unavailable in traditional classrooms. The architecture of online courses for students is integrated into a system called the Adaptive and Intelligent Education System (AIES). In AIESs, reinforcement learning is often used in conjunction with the development of teaching strategies, and this reinforcement-learning-based system is known as RLATES.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Vitamin C Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of vitamin C (vitC) is highly complex. Regulated primarily by a family of saturable sodium dependent vitC transporters (SVCTs), both the absorption and elimination phases display high dose-dependency. Also, tissue specific expression of SVCT subtypes result in a diverse distribution pattern with organ concentrations of vitC at homeostasis ranging from about 0.2 mM up to 10 mM. Unfortunately, the complex pharmacokinetics of vitC has often been overlooked in the design of human intervention studies, giving rise to misinterpretations and erroneous conclusions.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
IBM CP-40
CP-40 was a research precursor to CP-67, which in turn was part of IBM's then-revolutionary CP[-67]/CMS – a virtual machine/virtual memory time-sharing operating system for the IBM System/360 Model 67, and the parent of IBM's VM family. CP-40 ran multiple instances of client operating systems – particularly CMS, the Cambridge Monitor System, built as part of the same effort. Like CP-67, CP-40 and the first version of CMS were developed by IBM's Cambridge Scientific Center (CSC) staff, working closely with MIT researchers at Project MAC and Lincoln Laboratory. CP-40/CMS production use began in January 1967. CP-40 ran on a unique, specially modified IBM System/360 Model 40.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Paintings Generated by Text-to-Image System
Since the generative adversarial network (GAN) portrait painting titled “Edmond de Belamy” was constructed in 2018, AI art has already entered the public’s vision. One of the latest applications of AI is the generation of images based on natural language descriptions, which enhances the efficiency and effect of the transformation from creativity to visuality to a great extent. In the past, whether in traditional or digital painting creation, the author needed to be skilled in using tools and to have rich technical experience to accurately map the brain’s imagination to the visual layer. However, in co-creation with text-to-image AI generators, both artists and nonartists can input the text description to produce many high-quality images. During traditional painting creation, artists and nonartists in a painting task indicated quantitative and qualitative differences in some studies, such as artists spending more time on planning their painting, having more control over their creative processes, having more specific skills, and having more efficiency than nonartists. Whether such differences still exist in the new human–AI interaction mode and what new changes arise are worth discussing.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault
Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is a sexual assault (rape or otherwise) carried out on a person after the person has become incapacitated due to being under the influence of any mind-altering substances, such as having consumed alcohol or been intentionally administered another date rape drug. The rape form of DFSA is also known as predator rape. 75% of all acquaintance rapes involve alcohol and/or drugs. Drugs, when used with alcohol, can result in a loss of consciousness and a loss of the ability to consent to sex. Researchers have found that alcohol-facilitated rape is the most common form of sexual violence against women. As with other types of rape, a DFSA is a crime of physical violence, and can be a result of sexual hedonism and entitlement. Most victims of DFSA are women and most perpetrators are men.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Types of Indigenous Skin Bacteria and Their Effects
The skin is inhabited by about 102–107 cells/cm2 and 1000 species of commensal bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microorganisms. In particular, metabolites such as fatty acids and glycerol released by indigenous skin bacteria have been reported to have functional properties for the health of the skin. Therefore, skin-domesticating bacteria and the metabolites derived from those bacteria are used in many skincare product ingredients and function as probiotic cosmetics. 
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis of Heteroaromatic Hybrid Chalcones
Chalcones continue to occupy a venerated status as scaffolds for the construction of a variety of heterocyclic molecules with medicinal and industrial properties. Syntheses of hybrid chalcones featuring heteroaromatic components, especially those methods utilizing green chemistry principles, are important additions to the preparative methodologies for this valuable class of molecules. 
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Environmental and Human-related Factors Affecting Zoo-Housed Otters
Zoos and aquaria have the ethical responsibility to provide animals under their care with conditions that promote good welfare. This research evaluated the combined influence of human presence and environmental factors on the behaviour of zoo-housed Asian small-clawed otters (Aonyx cinereus).
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Visceral Leishmaniasis
Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum and L. donovani. Patients experience symptoms such as fever, weight loss, paleness, and enlarged liver and spleen. The disease also affects immunosuppressed individuals and has an overall mortality rate of up to 10%.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Molecular Basis of Fragile X-Premutation-Associated Conditions
The premutation of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene is characterized by an expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeats (55 to 200 CGGs) in the 5’ untranslated region and increased levels of FMR1 mRNA. Molecular mechanisms leading to fragile X-premutation-associated conditions (FXPAC) include cotranscriptional R-loop formations, FMR1 mRNA toxicity through both RNA gelation into nuclear foci and sequestration of various CGG-repeat-binding proteins, and the repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN)-initiated translation of potentially toxic proteins.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Fungi Found in Libraries
Libraries contain a large amount of organic material, frequently stored with inadequate climate control; thus, mold growth represents a considerable threat to library buildings and their contents.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy
Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is one of the earliest manifestations of type 2 diabetes (T2D). It constitutes the major cause of silent cardiovascular events in patients without overt cardiac disease. The high prevalence of CAN in patients newly diagnosed with T2D suggests that its pathophysiology is rooted in an earlier stage of metabolic derangement, possibly being prediabetes.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Angiogenic Potential in Biological Hydrogels
Hydrogels are three-dimensional (3D) materials able to absorb and retain water in large amounts while maintaining their structural stability. Due to their considerable biocompatibility and similarity with the body’s tissues, hydrogels are one of the most promising groups of biomaterials. The main application of these hydrogels is in regenerative medicine, in which they allow the formation of an environment suitable for cell differentiation and growth. (Draft for definition)
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Dec 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback