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Topic Review
Gender Differences and NPS
Sex and gender deeply affect the subjective effects and the pharmaco-toxicological responses to drugs. Men are more likely than women to use almost all types of illicit drugs and to present to emergency departments for serious or fatal intoxications. However, women are just as likely as men to develop substance use disorders, and may be more susceptible to craving and relapse.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Flow Cytometry and Respiratory Diseases
Flow cytometry (FCM) arises with the design of the cell spectrophotometer, which makes it possible to measure both the content of nucleic acids and the size of the analyzed cells. The subject of the study is not limited to humans, other animal species and bacterias can also be studied. Moreover, FCM allows identify expression of molecules in the membrane, cytoplasm or nucleus, beside soluble proteins (cytokines, chemokines, etc), extracellular vesicles, antibodies, etc.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Short-Reach Transmission Systems
Short-reach transmission systems are very sensitive to component cost because these systems are often used in a data center, enabling data exchange between many servers and racks.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Disinfection Byproducts
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed by the action of oxidant-disinfectant chemicals, mainly chlorine derivatives (chlorine, hypochlorous acid, chloramines, etc.), that react with natural organic matter (NOM), mainly humic substances. DBPs are usually refractory to oxidation, mainly due to the presence of halogen compounds so that advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a recommended option to deal with their removal.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Smart Manufacturing
The Fourth Industrial Revolution drives industries from traditional manufacturing to the smart manufacturing approach. In this transformation, existing equipment, processes, or devices are retrofitted with some sensors and other cyber-physical systems (CPS), and adapted towards digital production, which is a blend of critical enabling technologies. In the current scenario of Industry 4.0, industries are shaping themselves towards the development of customized and cost-effective processes to satisfy customer needs with the aid of a digital twin framework, which enables the user to monitor, simulate, control, optimize, and identify defects and trends within, ongoing process, and reduces the chances of human prone errors. 
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Endothelin-1 and Hypertension
Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and is among the most important risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. It is currently thought to be the result of disturbances in a number of neural, renal, hormonal, and vascular mechanisms regulating blood pressure (BP), so crucial importance is given to the imbalance of a number of vasoactive factors produced by the endothelium.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Low-Protein Diet for CKD
The epidemiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) shows increasing trends in prevalence and mortality and has become the leading health problem worldwide. Reducing the amount of proteins ingested from rice is an easy way to control the total intake of proteins, saving energy sources, particularly in rice-eating countries. 
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Targeted Agents for Paediatric ALK-Positive ALCL
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a peripheral T cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with an annual incidence of 1.2 per million children aged under 15. The World Health Organisation (WHO) sub-classifies ALCL into anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive nodal/systemic, ALK-negative nodal/systemic, primary cutaneous and breast implant-associated ALCL. The majority of paediatric ALCL is ALK-positive, usually due to a t(2;5) (p23;q35) chromosomal translocation causing the expression of the oncogenic breakpoint product NPM1-ALK.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Fish as Nutraceuticals
Fish is considered as an affordable source of protein, serving a worldwide population as well as a source of nutraceutical. Bioactive components present in our diet play a major therapeutic role against human diseases. 
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Permafrost Landscape in the Northeast of Eurasia
The theoretical basis of permafrost landscape studies originated in the developments of Soviet physical geographers and landscape scientists. Traditional classifications, mapping techniques, and applied interpretations in landscape studies have not previously used permafrost criteria. Therefore, researchers of permafrost landscapes have used them, eventually adapting them to the conditions of permafrost based on the goals and objectives of the research.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nutrition on Linear Growth
Linear growth is a complex process and is considered one of the best indicators of children’s well-being and health. Genetics, epigenetics and environment (mainly stress and availability of nutrients) are the main regulators of growth. Nutrition exerts its effects on growth throughout the course of life with different, not completely understood mechanisms. 
  • 1.4K
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Mitigation of Global Warming in Australia
Mitigation of global warming involves taking actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance sinks aimed at reducing the extent of global warming. This is in distinction to adaptation to global warming, which involves taking action to minimize the effects of global warming. Scientific consensus on global warming, together with the precautionary principle and the fear of non-linear climate transitions, is leading to increased effort to develop new technologies and sciences and carefully manage others in an attempt to mitigate global warming. In order to make a significant change, coal from Australia needs to be replaced with alternatives. Carbon capture and storage in Australia has been put forward as a solution for production of clean hydrogen from natural gas. Following the introduction of government mandatory renewable energy targets, more opportunities have opened up for renewable energy technologies such as wind power, photovoltaics, and solar thermal technologies. The deployment of these technologies provides opportunities for mitigating greenhouse gases. A carbon price was introduced on 1 July 2012 by the government of Julia Gillard with the purpose of reducing Australia 's carbon emissions. It requires large businesses (defined as those with annual carbon dioxide equivalent emissions over 25,000 tonnes annually) to pay a price for emissions permits. The tax was scrapped by the Abbott government in July 2014 in what was a widely criticized and highly publicized move.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
Central pontine myelinolysis is a neurological condition involving severe damage to the myelin sheath of nerve cells in the pons (an area of the brainstem). It is predominately iatrogenic (treatment-induced), and is characterized by acute paralysis, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), dysarthria (difficulty speaking), and other neurological symptoms. Central pontine myelinolysis was first described as a disorder in 1959. The original paper described four cases with fatal outcomes, and the findings on autopsy. The disease was described as a disease of alcoholics and malnutrition. ‘Central pontine’ indicated the site of the lesion and ‘myelinolysis’ was used to emphasise that myelin was affected. The authors intentionally avoided the term ‘demyelination’ to describe the condition, in order to differentiate this condition from multiple sclerosis and other neuroinflammatory disorders. Since this original description, demyelination in other areas of the central nervous system associated with osmotic stress has been described outside the pons (extrapontine). Osmotic demyelination syndrome is the term used for both central pontine myelinolysis and extrapontine myelinolysis. Central pontine myelinolysis, and osmotic demyelination syndrome, present most commonly as a complication of treatment of patients with profound hyponatremia (low sodium), which can result from a varied spectrum of conditions, based on different mechanisms. It occurs as a consequence of a rapid rise in serum tonicity following treatment in individuals with chronic, severe hyponatremia who have made intracellular adaptations to the prevailing hypotonicity.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
History of Emerging Infectious Diseases
The discovery of disease-causing pathogens is an important activity in the field of medical science. Many viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, helminthes and prions are identified as a confirmed or potential pathogen. In the United States, a Centers for Disease Control program, begun in 1995, identified over a hundred patients with life-threatening illnesses that were considered to be of an infectious cause, but that could not be linked to a known pathogen. The association of pathogens with disease can be a complex and controversial process, in some cases requiring decades or even centuries to achieve.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
School Psychologist–Teacher Relationships
A good relationship between the school psychologist and the teacher is key for the long-term effectiveness of a school psychologist’s work. 
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pipes in Drinking Water Distribution System
The inner walls of the drinking water distribution system (DWDS) are expected to be clean to ensure a safe quality of drinking water. Complex physical, chemical, and biological processes take place when water comes into contact with the pipe surface. 
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Synthesis of Silver Nanostructure
Silver nanoparticles are one of the commonly used metal materials for SP because of their high sensitivity to refractive index change, convenient synthesis, and high controllable degree of shape and size. Silver nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes are used in many fields. Various synthesis methods have undergone many improvements over time and technological developments in order to provide precise control over the shape and size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticle fabrication is usually divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Road Accident Hotspots on Jordan’s Highway
One of the primary objectives of transportation engineering is to increase the safety of road infrastructure. This research seeks to determine the relationship between geometric design parameters in relation to road accident criteria based on accident hotspots on Jordan’s Desert Highway.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Carotenoids in Human Skin
Carotenoids having ≥10 π-π-conjugated C=C double bonds serve as an objective marker of the antioxidant status of human stratum corneum (SC) in vivo according to the principle: the higher the concentration of carotenoids the higher the antioxidant status of the entire SC. The exposure to doses of radiation in the visible (>50 J/cm2) and near-infrared (>120 J/cm2) spectral ranges cause the formation of free radicals in human skin, which can be determined in vivo by a decrease in the concentration of carotenoids in the SC. The topical application of sunscreen containing antioxidants has a protective effect on the skin. A diet containing antioxidants, in particular fruit and vegetables or food supplements, leads to an increase in the carotenoid concentration and the antioxidant status of the SC. The concentration of carotenoids in the SC can reflect the individual lifestyle habits and health status. Resonance Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy are optical methods that provide a rapid and non-invasive screening of the kinetics of carotenoids and changes in the antioxidant status of the human SC, which can be useful in in vivo skin research.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver-related mortality, and liver transplantation. There is sufficient epidemiological cohort data to recommend the surveillance of patients with NAFLD based upon the incidence of HCC. The American Gastroenterology Association (AGA) expert review published in 2020 recommends that NAFLD patients with cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis estimated by non-invasive tests (NITs) consider HCC surveillance. NITs include the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index, the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) test, FibroScan, and MR elastography. The recommended surveillance modality is abdominal ultrasound (US), which is cost effective and noninvasive with good sensitivity. However, US is limited in obese patients and those with NAFLD. In NAFLD patients with a high likelihood of having an inadequate US, or if an US is attempted but inadequate, CT or MRI may be utilized. The GALAD score, consisting of age, gender, AFP, the lens culinaris-agglutinin-reactive fraction of AFP (AFP-L3), and the protein induced by the absence of vitamin K or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II), can help identify a high risk of HCC in NAFLD patients. Innovative parameters, including a Mac-2 binding protein glycated isomer, type IV collagen 7S, free apoptosis inhibitor of the macrophage, and a combination of single nucleoside polymorphisms, are expected to be established. Considering the large size of the NAFLD population, optimal screening tests must meet several criteria, including high sensitivity, cost effectiveness, and availability.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Aug 2020
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