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Topic Review
CDK4/CDK6/cyclin-D1 and Radiotherapy for Cancer
The expanding clinical application of CDK4- and CDK6-inhibiting drugs in the managements of breast cancer has raised a great interest in testing these drugs in other neoplasms. The potential of combining these drugs with other therapeutic approaches seems to be an interesting work-ground to explore. Even though a potential integration of CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitors with radiotherapy (RT) has been hypothesized, this kind of approach has not been sufficiently pursued, neither in preclinical nor in clinical studies. Similarly, the most recent discoveries focusing on autophagy, as a possible target pathway able to enhance the antitumor efficacy of CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitors is promising but needs more investigations. 
  • 668
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease with a high incidence and mortality rate. The number of new CRC cases worldwide reached 1.93 million in 2020, ranking third after breast cancer and lung cancer. The number of CRC-related deaths reached 940,000, making it the second most deadly tumor globally. In China, according to the 2016 national cancer statistics published by the National Cancer Center, a total of 4.06 million tumor patients were diagnosed in 2016, with approximately 408,000 being CRC patients. Among these cases, approximately 196,000 CRC patients died, accounting for 8.10% of the total.
  • 668
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Intraoperative Flow Cytometry
Flow Cytometry is an analytical technique with the ability to quantify cell phenotype and to categorize cell populations on the basis of their characteristics. Intraoperative Flow Cytometry (iFC) is the use of flow cytometry during tumor excision for rapid diagnosis of cancer cells and determination of tumor margins.
  • 667
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
MiRNA-19a in Cancer Diagnosis
Cancer is a multifactorial disease that affects millions of people every year and is one of the most common causes of death in the world. The high mortality rate is very often linked to late diagnosis; in fact, nowadays there are a lack of efficient and specific markers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. In recent years, the discovery of new diagnostic markers, including microRNAs (miRNAs), has been an important turning point for cancer research. miRNAs are small, endogenous, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. Compelling evidence has showed that many miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in human carcinomas and can act with either tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing functions. miR-19a is one of the most investigated miRNAs, whose dysregulated expression is involved in different types of tumors and has been potentially associated with the prognosis of cancer patients.
  • 667
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
HER2+ Breast Cancer Escalation and De-Escalation Trial
Long-term outcomes in breast cancer patients differ based on the molecular subtype, with HER2-E being the most aggressive one. Advances in clinical practice have dramatically shifted HER2+ breast cancer prognosis. Risk adapted strategies to individualize therapies are necessary. De-escalation approaches have been encouraged based on the risks of clinical-pathological factors. Molecular gene subtyping could further accurately define HER2 addicted tumours that are sensitive to anti-HER2 therapies, thus sparing unnecessary treatments. The transition from immunochemistry to molecular profiling in HER2+ breast cancer is discussed. 
  • 667
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Prostate Cancer Heritability and Genetic Markers
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a highly variable illness; in fact, many individuals exhibit an aggressive disease with progression and metastasis, but others exhibit a slow disease with a low tendency to advance.
  • 667
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Immune Responses in the Tumor Microenvironment
Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that harnesses the power of the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from harmful pathogens and abnormal cells, including cancer cells. Normally, the immune system can recognize and destroy cancer cells, but sometimes cancer cells can evade the immune system and continue to grow and spread. Immunotherapy works by enhancing the ability of the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. 
  • 667
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Decoding LncRNAs
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are ncRNAs made of more than 200 nucleotides. lncRNAs act as important regulators of gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, in both physiological and pathological conditions.
  • 666
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Image-Guided Locoregional Therapies (LRTs)
Image-guided locoregional therapies (LRTs) are a crucial asset in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which has proven to be characterized by an impaired antitumor immune status. LRTs not only directly destroy tumor cells but also have an immunomodulating role, altering the tumor microenvironment with potential systemic effects. 
  • 666
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Blood-Derived Microvesicles in Breast Cancer
Modifying and changing (energy) metabolism is a hall mark of cancer. But how to appraise metabolic changes in cancer patients? Cancer and benign cells shed microvesicles (MV) into the blood. These MV can be easily extracted and isolated. Targeted mass spectrometry of MV is able to differentiate not only between healthy controls and cancer patients, but between molecular breast cancer subtypes. Changes detected in some of these metabolites are indicators for a worse prognosis. In summary, metabolic profiling of MV yields promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer. 
  • 666
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Calcium Homeostasis of Resistant Breast Tumors
Cancer is one of the main health problems worldwide. Only in 2020, this disease caused more than 19 million new cases and almost 10 million deaths, with breast cancer being the most diagnosed worldwide. Studies highlighted the involvement of calcium in the proliferation or evasion of apoptosis in breast carcinoma cells.
  • 666
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Flaxseed Reduces Cancer Risk
Researchers utilize a targeted metabolomics dataset in combination with a reanalysis of past work to investigate the “metabo-bioenergetic” adaptations that occur in White Leghorn laying hens while consuming dietary flaxseed. Results suggest that flaxseed accelerates bioenergetic flux through glycolysis and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in liver, thereby protecting the animal from obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (i.e., primary cancer risk factors).
  • 666
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Role of Lamins in Lung Cancer
Lamins are type V intermediate filament proteins that are best known for their scaffolding function in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Lamins are encoded by the LMNA, LMNB1, and LMNB2 genes, giving rise to seven known lamin variants due to alternative splicing. In physiological settings, lamins play important roles in maintaining the integrity of the nuclear envelope, regulating DNA replication and transcription, and organizing the chromatin structure. Germline alterations in the lamin-encoding genes give rise to a multitude of disorders such as disturbed fat and skeletal homeostasis and syndromes that are summarized as laminopathies. These syndromes include cardiomyopathies, muscular dystrophies, and premature-aging-like syndromes such as the Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). HGPS is caused by abnormal splicing of prelamin A, resulting in a shortened isoform that is referred to as lamin AΔ50, AΔ150, or progerin. Lamin B-related diseases include lipodystrophy and brain disorders such as adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD). While laminopathies are rare diseases, the underlying mutations provide insights into the function and organization of lamin proteins. 
  • 666
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
N-dihydrogalactochitosan
A novel immune stimulating drug IP-001, a specific variant of the N-dihydrogalactochitosan (GC) family of molecules, has shown to be effective against metastatic tumors, when combined with different forms tumor ablation. It acts as a multi-function immune stimulant both by directly inhibiting cell membrane repair and recycling of ablation-damaged tumor cells, and indirectly by sequestering ablation-released tumor antigens, as well as recruiting and stimulating antigen presenting cells to induce a potent Th1 type T cell response against the cancer. In this review, we briefly discuss the current applications of local ablation for cancer treatment and the effects of GC in combination with other ablation therapies, a therapeutic approach that is pioneering the field of Interventional Immuno-Oncology (IIO). 
  • 665
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Vectored Antibody Therapies
Cancers represent highly significant health issues and the options for their treatment are often not efficient to cure the disease. Immunotherapy strategies have been developed to modulate the patient’s immune system in order to eradicate cancerous cells. For instance, passive immunization consists in the administration at high doses of exogenously produced monoclonal antibodies directed either against tumor antigen or against immune checkpoint inhibitors. Its main advantage is that it provides immediate immunity, though during a relatively short period, which consequently requires frequent injections. 
  • 665
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Potassium Ion Channels in Malignant Central Nervous System
Potassium ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins involved in maintaining the electrical microenvironment of cells. In cancers, these proteins are known to play a significant role in the development of cancer hallmarks like proliferation, invasion, and adaptive drug resistance. Malignant central nervous system (CNS) cancers are notoriously difficult to treat, with just one-third of patients surviving five years post-diagnosis. Their location within the brain and brainstem presents several challenges to successful treatment, including surgical inaccessibility and designing effective therapies that pass the brain’s protective barrier. Furthermore, high-grade CNS cancer is also prone to recurrence, and the secondary tumours that arise are highly resistant to treatment. 
  • 665
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma, a hematological malignancy of lymphoid origin that typically arises from germinal-center B cells, has an excellent overall prognosis. However, the treatment of patients who relapse or develop resistant disease still poses a substantial clinical and research challenge, even though current risk-adapted and response-based treatment techniques produce overall survival rates of over 95%. The appearance of late malignancies after the successful cure of primary or relapsed disease continues to be a major concern, mostly because of high survival rates. Particularly in pediatric HL patients, the chance of developing secondary leukemia is manifold compared to that in the general pediatric population, and the prognosis for patients with secondary leukemia is much worse than that for patients with other hematological malignancies.
  • 665
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is the tenth commonest cancer worldwide. The occurrence of bladder cancer is a complex, multi-factor, multi-step pathological process, which has both internal genetic factors and external environmental factors.  Bladder cancer can be divided into non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and muscle invasive bladder cancer. Clinically, most patients with bladder cancer are in well-differentiated or moderately differentiated non-muscular invasive bladder cancer at the time of diagnosis (about 10% of them eventually develop into muscular invasive bladder cancer or metastatic bladder cancer) 
  • 664
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase and Urological Cancers
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the N-methylation reaction of nicotinamide, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl donor. Enzyme overexpression has been described in many non-neoplastic diseases, as well as in a wide range of solid malignancies. This entry aims to report and discuss evidence available in scientific literature, dealing with NNMT expression and the potential involvement in main urologic neoplasms, namely, renal, bladder and prostate cancers.
  • 663
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most clinically challenging cancers worldwide. New molecular-targeted agents and immunotherapy have markedly improved GC prognosis. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression is a key biomarker in first-line chemotherapy for unresectable advanced GC. Further, the addition of trastuzumab to cytotoxic chemotherapy has extended the overall survival of patients with HER2-positive advanced GC. In HER2-negative GC, the combination of nivolumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, and a cytotoxic agent has been demonstrated to prolong the overall survival of GC patients. Ramucirumab and trifluridine/tipiracil, which are second- and third-line treatments for GC, and trastuzumab deruxtecan, an antibody–drug conjugate for HER2-positive GC, have been introduced in clinics. New promising molecular-targeted agents are also being developed, and combination therapy comprising immunotherapy and molecular-targeted agents is expected.
  • 663
  • 22 Feb 2023
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