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Topic Review
The Hydrogen Color Spectrum
Hydrogen production involves different resources and energy loads, depending on the production method used. Therefore, the industry has tried to set a classification code for this energy carrier. This is done by using colors that reflect the hydrogen production method, the resources consumed to produce the required energy, and the number of emissions generated during the process.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) operate by converting the chemical energy in a fuel into electrical energy. The most crucial parameters in the operation process are the temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and air stoichiometry ratio. The classical structure of a PEMFC consists of a proton exchange membrane, anode electrode, cathode electrode, catalyst layers (CLs), microporous layer (MPLs), gas diffusion layers (GDLs), two bipolar plates (BPs), and gas flow channels (GFCs). The mechanical behavior and the conductivity of the protons are highly dependent on the structure of the MEAs.
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Two-Phase Immersion Cooling with Surface Modifications
As an alternative method to the practical limitations of air cooling, liquid cooling methods have drawn attention. Liquid cooling can dissipate heat up to 202 W/cm2, which is approximately six times higher than that of conventional air cooling. The liquid cooling can be divided into one-phase driven by a pump and two-phase cooling using pool boiling.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Refuse Derived Fuel
One viable and robust form of waste-to-energy from municipal solid waste is refuse derived fuel (RDF). Generally, RDF refers to the segregated high calorific fractions of waste from MSW: household, commercial, or industrial process wastes. RDF from municipal solid waste particularly is sorted portions, which consist of combustible components such as waste plastics, paper, cardboard, textiles, and wood.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Factors Affecting the Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermochemical depolymerization technology, also known as hydrous pyrolysis, that transforms wet biomass into biocrude and valuable chemicals at a moderate temperature (usually 200–400 °C) and high pressure (typically 10–25 MPa). In HTL, water acts as a key reactant in HTL activities. The reaction’s process parameters mostly influence the distribution, composition, and characteristics of HTL products; therefore, optimizing those factors can aid in producing biocrude with a high yield and suitable quality. 
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Reverse Osmosis
Reverse osmosis is the leading technology for desalination of brackish water and seawater, important for solving the growing problems of fresh water supply.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Commercialization of Electric Vehicles
Electric Vehicles (EVs) are a promising alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles as the city is transitioning to clean energy.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Pendulum-based Environmental Mechanical Energy Harvesters
Energy harvesting systems based on the pendulum structures have been widely used in the low-frequency environmental energy collection applications in recent years. In this study, the research progresses of the pendulum energy harvesting structures are described in detail and summarized. The energy harvesting structures are classified according to pendulum types and different energy conversion mechanisms. The improved techniques and design schemes adopted in the relevant research are also summarized.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nanogenerators for Green Energy Harvesting
Natural sources of green energy include sunshine, water, biomass, geothermal heat, and wind. These energies are alternate forms of electrical energy that do not rely on fossil fuels. Green energy is environmentally benign, as it avoids the generation of greenhouse gases and pollutants. Various systems and equipment have been utilized to gather natural energy. Nanogenerators have recently emerged as an alterna- tive technique for collecting energy from both natural and artificial sources, with significant benefits such as light weight, low-cost production, simple operation, easy signal processing, and low-cost materials.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Technology
Fuel cell electric vehicles, which optimally combine the fuel cell system with hybrid energy storage systems, represented by batteries and ultracapacitors, to meet the dynamic power demand required by the electric motor and auxiliary systems.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
All-Solid-State Batteries
       All-solid-state batteries (SSBs) are one of the most fascinating next-generation energy storage systems that can provide improved energy density and safety for a wide range of applications from portable electronics to electric vehicles. The development of SSBs was accelerated by the discovery of new materials and the design of nanostructures. In particular, advances in the growth of thin-film battery materials facilitated the development of all solid-state thin-film batteries (SSTFBs)—expanding their applications to microelectronics such as flexible devices and implantable medical devices. However, critical challenges still remain, such as low ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes, interfacial instability and difficulty in controlling thin-film growth. In this review, we discuss the evolution of electrode and electrolyte materials for lithium-based batteries and their adoption in SSBs and SSTFBs. We highlight novel design strategies of bulk and thin-film materials to solve the issues in lithium-based batteries. We also focus on the important advances in thin-film electrodes, electrolytes and interfacial layers with the aim of providing insight into the future design of batteries. Furthermore, various thin-film fabrication techniques are also covered in this review.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Prospects of Using Hydrogen–Methane Blends
The use of methane–hydrogen mixtures in internal combustion engines improves their performance and emission characteristics. The most important aspect is the concentration of hydrogen in the fuel mixture, which affects the combustion process of the fuel and determines the optimal operating conditions of the engine. When using methane–hydrogen mixtures with low hydrogen content, the safety measures and risks are similar to those that exist when working with natural gas. Serious logistical problems are associated with the difficulties of using the existing gas distribution infrastructure for transporting methane–hydrogen mixtures. 
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Lignin/Cellulose Nanofibers for Supercapacitor Applications
Supercapacitors are energy storage devices with high power density, rapid charge/discharge rate, and excellent cycle stability. Carbon-based supercapacitors are increasingly attracting attention because of their large surface area and high porosity. Carbon-based materials research has been recently centered on biomass-based materials due to the rising need to maintain a sustainable environment. Cellulose and lignin constitute the major components of lignocellulose biomass. Since they are renewable, sustainable, and readily accessible, lignin and cellulose-based supercapacitors are economically viable and environmentally friendly.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Methanol Economy—Fuel Cell Route
It explores the renewable ways of obtaining methanol and its use in efficient energy systems for a net zero-emission carbon cycle, with a special focus on fuel cells. It investigates the different parts of the carbon cycle from a methanol and fuel cell perspective. In recent years, the potential for a methanol economy has been shown and there has been significant technological advancement of its renewable production and utilization. Even though its full adoption will require further development, it can be produced from renewable electricity and biomass or CO2 capture and can be used in several industrial sectors, which make it an excellent liquid electrofuel for the transition to a sustainable economy. By converting CO2 into liquid fuels, the harmful effects of CO2 emissions from existing industries that still rely on fossil fuels are reduced. The methanol can then be used both in the energy sector and the chemical industry, and become an all-around substitute for petroleum. 
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Fuel Cells
Fast start-up, high efficiency, no toxic emissions into the atmosphere and good modularity are the key advantages of fuel cell applications. Despite the merits associated with fuel cells, the high cost of the technology remains a key factor impeding its widespread commercialization.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Major Synthetic Fuels
A concise yet comprehensive overview of major synthetic fuels currently in production worldwide. The fuels are virtually categorised in an intelligible manner with detailed descriptions of their chemical equations, feedstocks, production processes, applications, and global market leaders.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
LHTES
Latent heat thermal energy storage systems (LHTES) are useful for solar energy storage and many other applications, but there is an issue with phase change materials (PCMs) having low thermal conductivity. This can be enhanced with fins, metal foam, heat pipes, multiple PCMs, and nanoparticles (NPs). This entry focuses on nano-enhanced PCM (NePCM) alone and with additional enhancements. Low, middle, and high temperature PCM are classified, and the achievements and limitations of works are assessed. The review is categorized based upon enhancements: solely NPs, NPs and fins, NPs and heat pipes, NPs with highly conductive porous materials, NPs and multiple PCMs, and nano-encapsulated PCMs. Both experimental and numerical methods are considered, focusing on how well NPs enhanced the system. Generally, NPs have been proven to enhance PCM, with some types more effective than others. Middle and high temperatures are lacking compared to low temperature, as well as combined enhancement studies. Al2O3, copper, and carbon are some of the most studied NP materials, and paraffin PCM is the most common by far.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Chlorella vulgaris Biomass
Chlorella vulgaris biomass means the biomass made of Chlorella vulgaris, which is a kind of microalgae. Under appropriate conditions, microalgae convert solar energy into chemical energy stored as starch or lipids, which are precursors for bioethanol and biodiesel production. Given the higher photosynthetic efficiency, higher biomass production per unit area and faster growth rate compared to energy crops, microalgae are good alternative as feedstock for biofuel production. An additional advantage of microalgae is the lack of competition for nutrients with food crops. Furthermore, biomass production can be located on marginal lands. The negative environmental impact associated with the cultivation of microalgae for energy purposes is described as potentially negligible.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Dust Removal from Solar Panels Without Using Water
Climate change has increased desertification, which has resulted in the spread of dust and sand particles that negatively affect solar panel efficiency. Solar photovoltaic modules can be affected significantly by dust deposition, affecting their efficiency and performance. Using water-based cleaning methods, however, can be costly and harmful to the environment. Through this project, which extends for a number of years, we are looking for innovative, effective, economical, and sustainable methods that do not depend on water resources for cleaning solar panels. Electrostatic technologies are primarily tested in this project to repel dust particles from the surface of solar panels using electrical charges. Electric charges are created on the panel surface, repelling dust particles and causing them to fall off. In addition to removing dust from solar panels, this method also reduces the need for water-based cleaners.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Lithium-Ion Battery Capacity Estimation Methods for Management Systems
With the widespread use of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in Electric Vehicles (EVs), Hybrid EVs and Renewable Energy Systems (RESs), much attention has been given to Battery Management System (BMSs). By monitoring the terminal voltage, current and temperature, BMS can evaluate the status of the Li-ion batteries and manage the operation of cells in a battery pack, which is fundamental for the high efficiency operation of EVs and smart grids. Battery capacity estimation is one of the key functions in the BMS, and battery capacity indicates the maximum storage capability of a battery which is essential for the battery State-of-Charge (SOC) estimation and lifespan management.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Dec 2022
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