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Topic Review
The Hydrogen Color Spectrum
Hydrogen production involves different resources and energy loads, depending on the production method used. Therefore, the industry has tried to set a classification code for this energy carrier. This is done by using colors that reflect the hydrogen production method, the resources consumed to produce the required energy, and the number of emissions generated during the process.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Heat Exchanger in Solar Desalination
Solar desalination is a process to convert saline water into potable water by the application of solar energy. The enhancement of the distillate output of the solar desalination is low, so it is not considered as a method to produce potable water. A heat exchanger is an important device used for heat transfer applications.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Chlorella vulgaris Biomass
Chlorella vulgaris biomass means the biomass made of Chlorella vulgaris, which is a kind of microalgae. Under appropriate conditions, microalgae convert solar energy into chemical energy stored as starch or lipids, which are precursors for bioethanol and biodiesel production. Given the higher photosynthetic efficiency, higher biomass production per unit area and faster growth rate compared to energy crops, microalgae are good alternative as feedstock for biofuel production. An additional advantage of microalgae is the lack of competition for nutrients with food crops. Furthermore, biomass production can be located on marginal lands. The negative environmental impact associated with the cultivation of microalgae for energy purposes is described as potentially negligible.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Fuel Cells
Fast start-up, high efficiency, no toxic emissions into the atmosphere and good modularity are the key advantages of fuel cell applications. Despite the merits associated with fuel cells, the high cost of the technology remains a key factor impeding its widespread commercialization.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems
The use of fossil fuels has contributed to climate change and global warming, which has led to a growing need for renewable and ecologically friendly alternatives to these. It is accepted that renewable energy sources are the ideal option to substitute fossil fuels in the near future. Significant progress has been made to produce renewable energy sources with acceptable prices at a commercial scale, such as solar, wind, and biomass energies. Hybrid renewable energy systems are needed with good energy management to balance the various renewable energy sources’ production/consumption/storage.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Prospects of Using Hydrogen–Methane Blends
The use of methane–hydrogen mixtures in internal combustion engines improves their performance and emission characteristics. The most important aspect is the concentration of hydrogen in the fuel mixture, which affects the combustion process of the fuel and determines the optimal operating conditions of the engine. When using methane–hydrogen mixtures with low hydrogen content, the safety measures and risks are similar to those that exist when working with natural gas. Serious logistical problems are associated with the difficulties of using the existing gas distribution infrastructure for transporting methane–hydrogen mixtures. 
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Reverse Osmosis
Reverse osmosis is the leading technology for desalination of brackish water and seawater, important for solving the growing problems of fresh water supply.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
LHTES
Latent heat thermal energy storage systems (LHTES) are useful for solar energy storage and many other applications, but there is an issue with phase change materials (PCMs) having low thermal conductivity. This can be enhanced with fins, metal foam, heat pipes, multiple PCMs, and nanoparticles (NPs). This entry focuses on nano-enhanced PCM (NePCM) alone and with additional enhancements. Low, middle, and high temperature PCM are classified, and the achievements and limitations of works are assessed. The review is categorized based upon enhancements: solely NPs, NPs and fins, NPs and heat pipes, NPs with highly conductive porous materials, NPs and multiple PCMs, and nano-encapsulated PCMs. Both experimental and numerical methods are considered, focusing on how well NPs enhanced the system. Generally, NPs have been proven to enhance PCM, with some types more effective than others. Middle and high temperatures are lacking compared to low temperature, as well as combined enhancement studies. Al2O3, copper, and carbon are some of the most studied NP materials, and paraffin PCM is the most common by far.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Two-Phase Immersion Cooling with Surface Modifications
As an alternative method to the practical limitations of air cooling, liquid cooling methods have drawn attention. Liquid cooling can dissipate heat up to 202 W/cm2, which is approximately six times higher than that of conventional air cooling. The liquid cooling can be divided into one-phase driven by a pump and two-phase cooling using pool boiling.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Iron Ore Reduction with Hydrogen
The steel industry represents about 7% of the world’s anthropogenic CO2 emissions due to the high use of fossil fuels. The CO2-lean direct reduction of iron ore with hydrogen is considered to offer a high potential to reduce CO2 emissions, and this direct reduction of Fe2O3 powder is investigated in this research.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Spatial Energy Planning
Spatial Energy Planning seems to be an unexploited tool with the potential to provide significant insight into a planning process that could prevent conflicts when integrating renewable energy technologies into electric systems.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Methanol Economy—Fuel Cell Route
It explores the renewable ways of obtaining methanol and its use in efficient energy systems for a net zero-emission carbon cycle, with a special focus on fuel cells. It investigates the different parts of the carbon cycle from a methanol and fuel cell perspective. In recent years, the potential for a methanol economy has been shown and there has been significant technological advancement of its renewable production and utilization. Even though its full adoption will require further development, it can be produced from renewable electricity and biomass or CO2 capture and can be used in several industrial sectors, which make it an excellent liquid electrofuel for the transition to a sustainable economy. By converting CO2 into liquid fuels, the harmful effects of CO2 emissions from existing industries that still rely on fossil fuels are reduced. The methanol can then be used both in the energy sector and the chemical industry, and become an all-around substitute for petroleum. 
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Magnet Motors in High Frequency
To increase the efficency of electric drives, the working frequencies are getting higher, bringing serious Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) problems, as well as insulation stress and higher bearing currents. Hence, it is important to have an electrical machine electrical equivalent circuit model to predict the electromagnetic interference levels. This review summarizes the current state of the art in electrical machine modeling and analysis in high frequency. The main analysis tools as Finite Element Methods, analytic and measurement-based tools are compared. Then,  different machine high-frequency models  are reported, detailing their individual features. Additionally, the influence of the machine design parameters in EMC behavior is outlined for future analysis. This is a short version of the full article.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Refuse Derived Fuel
One viable and robust form of waste-to-energy from municipal solid waste is refuse derived fuel (RDF). Generally, RDF refers to the segregated high calorific fractions of waste from MSW: household, commercial, or industrial process wastes. RDF from municipal solid waste particularly is sorted portions, which consist of combustible components such as waste plastics, paper, cardboard, textiles, and wood.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Solar Mobility
As proposed by CEA-INES (namely the French National Institute for Solar Energy) [1], the concept of solar mobility seeks a synergy between the following three systems: EVs, PV systems and the electricity network. The basic idea is to combine a standard grid-connected PV system with standard EVs, also connected to the grid [2]. In the extended solar mobility scope, the energy prosumers are equipped with their own renewable energy systems, electrical storage, EVs and other electrical appliances. The buildings are connected into a renewable energy sharing microgrid, in which the surplus renewable production can be delivered from one building to another. Such energy sharing network provides a platform for the buildings in a micro grid to share their surplus renewable energy generations with other buildings, thus helping enhance the overall cluster-level performances. The energy sharing micro grid is also connected to the power grid, in case there is surplus/insufficient cluster-level renewable generations and electricity exchanges with the power grid is needed. The power exchange of the building cluster with the power grid will be metered by advanced metering facilities.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Factors Affecting the Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermochemical depolymerization technology, also known as hydrous pyrolysis, that transforms wet biomass into biocrude and valuable chemicals at a moderate temperature (usually 200–400 °C) and high pressure (typically 10–25 MPa). In HTL, water acts as a key reactant in HTL activities. The reaction’s process parameters mostly influence the distribution, composition, and characteristics of HTL products; therefore, optimizing those factors can aid in producing biocrude with a high yield and suitable quality. 
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Lithium-Ion Battery
Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) with high energy density are receiving increasing attention because of their environmental friendliness and are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) worldwide. Battery degradation problems, such as capacity fading and internal resistance increasing, inevitably occur with time and use. These cause great trouble to users and manufacturers.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle Batteries Reuse
It is a fact that electric vehicles (EVs) are beneficial for climate protection. However, the current challenge is to decide on whether to reuse an EV battery or to recycle it after its first use. The concept of reusing (second life) of the battery is promising because, at the end of the first life, batteries from EVs can be used in several applications such as storing energy generated from renewable sources to support the government grid. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Pendulum-based Environmental Mechanical Energy Harvesters
Energy harvesting systems based on the pendulum structures have been widely used in the low-frequency environmental energy collection applications in recent years. In this study, the research progresses of the pendulum energy harvesting structures are described in detail and summarized. The energy harvesting structures are classified according to pendulum types and different energy conversion mechanisms. The improved techniques and design schemes adopted in the relevant research are also summarized.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Identification of Optimal Binders for Torrefied Biomass Pellets
The pretreatment of biomass through torrefaction is an effective means of improving the fuel quality of woody biomass and its suitability for use in existing facilities burning thermal coal. Densification of torrefied biomass produces a fuel of similar energy density, moisture content, and fixed carbon content to low-grade coals. Additionally, if the torrefaction conditions are optimized, the produced torrefied pellet will be resistant to weathering and biological degradation, allowing for outdoor storage and transport in a manner similar to coal. In untreated biomass, lignin is the primary binding agent for biomass pellets and is activated by the heat and pressures of the pellet extrusion process. The thermal degradation of lignin during torrefaction reduces its binding ability, resulting in pellets of low durability not suitable for transportation. The use of a binding agent can increase the durability of torrefied pellets/briquettes through a number of different binding mechanisms depending on the binder used.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Apr 2023
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