You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Tregs in Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, which affects 2–4% of the population worldwide. Psoriasis has a strong genetic component, but environmental factors are also important. T-cell derived factors such as Psoriasis is characteristic, with thickening and scaling of the epidermisdue to hyper-proliferation of keratinocytes (acanthosis). CD4 and CD8 T-cell infiltrate characterizes the skin in psoriasis, a T-cell-driven disease, but other cell types are also present in the lesions, including neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, dendritic cells. It has been long known that the pathogenesis of psoriasis is driven by T-cell derived factors, produced by subsets including T-helper (Th) 1 cells, Th17, Th22 and regulatory T cells (Tregs). 
  • 996
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Metabolomics in Atopic Eczema
Atopic eczema (AE) is an inflammatory skin disorder affecting approximately 20% of children worldwide and early onset can lead to asthma and allergies. Metabolomics, the analysis of small molecules in the skin produced by the host and microbes, opens a window to observe the mechanisms of the disease which then may lead to new drug targets for AE treatment. 
  • 993
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Neuroendocrine Aspects of Skin Aging
Skin aging is accompanied by a gradual loss of function, physiological integrity and the ability to cope with internal and external stressors. This is secondary to a combination of complex biological processes influenced by constitutive and environmental factors or by local and systemic pathologies. Skin aging and its phenotypic presentation are dependent on constitutive (genetic) and systemic factors. It can be accelerated by environmental stressors, such as ultraviolet radiation, pollutants and microbial insults.
  • 992
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Nodular Trichoblastoma
Trichoblastoma (TB) is a rare biphasic benign adnexal neoplasm originating from follicular germ cells but clinically, it can simulate basal cell carcinoma (BCC), making the diagnosis more difficult.
  • 990
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
RAGE and Oxidative Stress
The surface receptor for advanced glycosylation end-products (RAGE) and its soluble (sRAGE) and endogenous secretory (EN-RAGE) forms belong to the superfamily of toll-like receptors and play important roles in inflammation and autoimmunity, directly or through binding with advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP).
  • 988
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a highly heterogeneous inflammatory disease regarding both its pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. However, it is treated according to the “one-size-fits-all” approach, which may restrict response to treatment. Thus, there is an unmet need for the stratification of patients with AD into distinct endotypes and clinical phenotypes based on biomarkers that will contribute to the development of precision medicine in AD. The development of reliable biomarkers that may distinguish which patients with AD are most likely to benefit from specific targeted therapies is a complex procedure and to date none of the identified candidate biomarkers for AD has been validated for use in routine clinical practice. Reliable biomarkers in AD are expected to improve diagnosis, evaluate disease severity, predict the course of disease, the development of comorbidities, or the therapeutic response, resulting in effective and personalized treatment of AD. 
  • 987
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus
Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving the genital skin and mucous membrane. 
  • 985
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Rosacea
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by skin sensitivity, flushing, centrofacial erythema, papules, and pustules. The condition has been classified into four subtypes: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular rosacea. Rosacea mainly affects the cheeks, nose, chin, and forehead. It causes flushing or transient erythema, persistent erythema, phymatous changes, papules, pustules, and telangiectasias. The eyes can also be affected by rosacea, causing conditions such as conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and, rarely, keratitis. Physical changes in the face due to rosacea can cause embarrassment, leading to reduced quality of life and self-esteem.
  • 978
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Epidermolysis Bullosa
Inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a complex clinical and pathological entity that includes over 30 phenotypically and/or genotypically distinct inherited diseases, all sharing an intrinsic common tendency toward mechanical skin fragility and bullae formation. Based on cleavage level, four major types of inherited EB have been described: EB simplex (EBS), junctional EB (JEB), dystrophic EB (DEB), and Kindler syndrome (KS). Therefore, intraepidermal blistering is the most characteristic feature of EBS, while in JEB and DEB blisters arise from the lamina lucida and the sub-lamina densa, respectively. On the other hand, in KS, multiple cleavage planes have been described and may be present at the same time in the same patient.
  • 968
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment in Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
It is widely known that tumor cells of basal and squamous cell carcinoma interact with the cellular and acellular components of the tumor microenvironment to promote tumor growth and progression. While this environment differs for basal and squamous cell carcinoma, the cellular players within both create an immunosuppressed environment by downregulating effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and promoting the release of pro-oncogenic Th2 cytokines. Understanding the crosstalk that occurs within the tumor microenvironment has led to the development of immunotherapeutic agents, including vismodegib and cemiplimab to treat BCC and SCC, respectively.
  • 959
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Surgical Treatment in Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory disorder of follicular occlusion with pubertal onset that presents as painful inflammatory nodules, sinus tracts, and tunnelling in apocrine-gland-rich areas, such as the axilla, groin, lower back, and buttocks. There are various options available for surgical intervention, with no optimal treatment, requiring an individualized approach for each patient. The choice of surgical treatment depends upon various factors, such as the chronicity and extent of disease, affected site, presence of long-standing lesions, and patient comorbidities. Surgical treatment in HS ranges from procedural treatments (e.g., laser) and minor surgery (e.g., incision and drainage and deroofing) to major surgery (e.g., wide local excision).
  • 955
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
The Trinity of Skin: A Neuro–Endocrine–Immune Organ
For a long time, skin was thought to be no more than the barrier of human's body. However, in the last few decades, studies into the idea of skin as an independent functional organ have gradually deepened people's understanding of skin and its functions.
  • 954
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Microbiome-Derived Solutions in Skin Health and Care
The microbiome, as a community of microorganisms and their structural elements, genomes, metabolites/signal molecules, has been shown to play an important role in human health, with significant beneficial applications for gut health. Skin microbiome has emerged as a new field with high potential to develop disruptive solutions to manage skin health and disease. Despite an incomplete toolbox for skin microbiome analyses, much progress has been made towards functional dissection of microbiomes and host-microbiome interactions. A standardized and robust investigation of the skin microbiome is necessary to provide accurate microbial information and set the base for a successful translation of innovations in the dermo-cosmetic field. 
  • 953
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Novel Signaling Pathways in PV
The immunobullous condition Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV) is caused by autoantibodies targeting the desmosomal adhesion proteins, leading to blistering in the skin and mucosal membrane. There is still no cure to the disease apart from the use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents. 
  • 952
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Microbes Living on the Skin
The human skin represents the largest human organ. It provides an effective barrier between the human organism and the environment. Superficial skin layers are inhabited by different sorts of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, and fungi. This heterogeneous community of microorganisms are in mutualistic symbiosis. They play an essential role in the protection against invading pathogens and in the breakdown of natural products. Additionally, they contribute to a special form of innate and adaptive immunity, which links antimicrobial functions and tissue repair.
  • 952
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of Polypodium leucotomos (Fernblock®) in Oncodermatology
Exposure to sun radiation leads to higher risk of sunburn, pigmentation, immunosuppression, photoaging and skin cancer. In addition to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), recent research indicates that infrared radiation (IR) and visible light (VIS) can play an important role in the pathogenesis of some of these processes. Detrimental effects associated with sun exposure are well known, but new studies have shown that DNA damage continues to occur long after exposure to solar radiation has ended. Regarding photoprotection strategies, natural substances are emerging for topical and oral photoprotection. In this sense, Fernblock®, a standardized aqueous extract of the fern Polypodium Leucotomos (PLE), has been widely administered both topically and orally with a strong safety profile. Thus, this extract has been used extensively in clinical practice, including as a complement to photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating actinic keratoses (AKs) and field cancerization.
  • 949
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Purpureocillium lilacinum
Purpureocillium lilacinum is a ubiquitous hyaline fungus that is widely distributed in the environment. This fungus has a well-established place in agriculture as a biological nematicide, due to its ability to parasitize nematodes and their eggs while producing secondary metabolites that can promote plant growth. Despite being previously considered an extremely rare pathogen in humans, it has the ability to cause infections of the skin and other sites in both immunosuppressed and healthy individuals.
  • 946
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Skin Aging, Metabolism, and Related Products
Skin aging affects the metabolism of three major substances, which are glucose, protein, and lipids, and the metabolism of the three major substances in the skin also affects the process of skin aging. Some drugs or compounds can regulate the metabolic disorders mentioned above to exert anti-aging effects. Currently, there are a variety of products, but most of them focus on improving skin collagen levels. Skin aging is closely related to metabolism, and they interact with each other. Regulating specific metabolic disorders in the skin is an important anti-aging strategy.
  • 939
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics and Diagnosis of Monkeypox
Monkeypox is a disease caused by Orthopoxvirus, which also includes the smallpox virus. Several endemics have been reported on the African continent, typically in the western and central regions. However, since 13 May 2022, there have been several cases reported from different member states; the number of confirmed cases in 1 month exceeded the total number of cases reported outside the African continent since the first case in 1970. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) consider monkeypox as an important disease for global public health.
  • 937
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Oral Vitamin D Therapy
Vitamin D is an essential nutrient in humans; it is produced by the body through exposure to the sun (the primary source of vitamin D), or more precisely, to mild ultraviolet B (UVB) light.
  • 936
  • 09 Aug 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 17
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback