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Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies for Targeted Fluorescence-Guided Surgery
Due to their specificity, monoclonal antibodies have significantly impacted cancer patients’ care, becoming one of the fastest-growing classes of new drugs approved for the treatment of solid tumors. Targeted fluorescence-guided surgery is a novel technology to better visualize tumor residuals intraoperatively. It consists of a fluorescent molecular probe, that, once injected, lights up the neoplastic cells during the surgical resection. In this regard, the development of an off-the-shelf large-scale production of clinically approved, fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies for targeted fluorescence-guided surgery is becoming an urgent need for oncological surgeons working in this field.
  • 243
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Molecularly Targeted Lanthanide Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment
Injectable colloidal solutions of lanthanide oxides (nanoparticles between 10 and 100 nm in size) have demonstrated high biocompatibility and no toxicity when the nanoparticulate units are functionalized with specific biomolecules that molecularly target various proteins in the tumor microenvironment. Among the proteins successfully targeted by functionalized lanthanide nanoparticles are folic receptors, fibroblast activation protein (FAP), gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), and integrins associated with tumor neovasculature. Lutetium, samarium, europium, holmium, and terbium, either as lanthanide oxide nanoparticles or as nanoparticles doped with lanthanide ions, have demonstrated their theranostic potential through their ability to generate molecular images by magnetic resonance, nuclear, optical, or computed tomography imaging. Likewise, photodynamic therapy, targeted radiotherapy (neutron-activated nanoparticles), drug delivery guidance, and image-guided tumor therapy are some examples of their potential therapeutic applications. 
  • 241
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Radiomics in Gynaecological Imaging
Radiomics is an emerging field of research based on extracting mathematical descriptive features from medical images with the aim of improving diagnostic performance and providing increasing support to clinical decisions. A number of studies have been published regarding different possible applications of radiomics in gynaecological imaging. Many fields have been explored, such as tumour diagnosis and staging, differentiation of histological subtypes, assessment of distant metastases, prediction of response to therapy, recurrence, and patients’ outcome. 
  • 228
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Dual-Energy CT in Patients after Endovascular Aortic Repair
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a significant cause of mortality in developed countries. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is currently the leading treatment method for AAAs. Due to the high sensitivity and specificity of post-EVAR complication detection, CT angiography (CTA) is the reference method for imaging surveillance in patients after EVAR. Many studies have shown the advantages of dual-energy CT (DECT) over standard polyenergetic CTA in vascular applications.
  • 223
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Function
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease that has been long overlooked, but lately its independent association with adverse cardiovascular outcomes was recognized. The time point to intervene and repair the tricuspid valve is defined by the right ventricular (RV) dilation and dysfunction that comes up at a later stage. While guidelines favor tricuspid valve repair before severe RV dysfunction ensues, the definition of RV dysfunction in a universal manner remains vague. As a result, the candidates for transcatheter or surgical TR procedures are often referred late, when advanced RV dysfunction is established, and any derived procedural survival benefit is attenuated.
  • 221
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Modified Rankin Scale Prediction
Clinical models are simple algorithms, developed by the medical community, that predict the functional outcome usually from no more than ten variables using simple arithmetic, as they are meant to be computed by humans.
  • 219
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Ions for Hypoxic Tumors
Carbon-ion radiotherapy is a potential elective treatment option for hypoxic tumors. Its high linear energy transfer enables enhanced cell killing in radiation-resistant tumors, while the Bragg peak ensures precise targeting. Clinical evidence in pancreatic and cervical cancers supports positive outcomes of carbon treatments. However, the power of carbon ions against tumor hypoxia is generally underexploited and should be considered to improve the clinical benefit.
  • 217
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
PET/MRI for Breast Cancer
The advent of PET/MRI, which combines metabolic PET information with high anatomical detail from MRI, has emerged as a promising tool for breast cancer diagnosis, staging, treatment response assessment, and restaging. Technical advancements including the integration of PET and MRI, considerations in patient preparation, and optimized imaging protocols contribute to the success of dedicated breast and whole-body PET/MRI. 
  • 203
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Computed Tomography in Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis
The recent emergence of photon-counting computed tomography (CT) has further enhanced CT performance in clinical applications, providing improved spatial and contrast resolution. CT-derived fractional flow reserve is superior to standard CT-based anatomical assessment for the detection of lesion-specific myocardial ischemia. CT-derived 3D-printed patient-specific models are also superior to standard CT, offering advantages in terms of educational value, surgical planning, and the simulation of cardiovascular disease treatment, as well as enhancing doctor–patient communication. Three-dimensional visualization tools including virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality are further advancing the clinical value of cardiovascular CT in cardiovascular disease.
  • 186
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cardiac Masses and Pseudomasses
A cardiac lesion detected at ultrasonography might turn out to be a normal structure, a benign tumor or rarely a malignancy, and lesion characterization is very important to appropriately manage the lesion itself. The exact relationship of the mass with coronary arteries and the knowledge of possible concomitant coronary artery disease are necessary preoperative information.
  • 177
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Radiomics and Artificial Intelligence Workflow
Radiotheranostics refers to the pairing of radioactive imaging biomarkers with radioactive therapeutic compounds that deliver ionizing radiation. Given the introduction of very promising radiopharmaceuticals, the radiotheranostics approach is creating a novel paradigm in personalized, targeted radionuclide therapies (TRTs), also known as radiopharmaceuticals (RPTs). Radiotherapeutic pairs targeting somatostatin receptors (SSTR) and prostate-specific membrane antigens (PSMA) are increasingly being used to diagnose and treat patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and prostate cancer. In parallel, radiomics and artificial intelligence (AI), as important areas in quantitative image analysis, are paving the way for significantly enhanced workflows in diagnostic and theranostic fields, from data and image processing to clinical decision support, improving patient selection, personalized treatment strategies, response prediction, and prognostication. Furthermore, AI has the potential for tremendous effectiveness in patient dosimetry which copes with complex and time-consuming tasks in the RPT workflow.
  • 173
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Qualitative Diagnostic Imaging for Decision Making
Recently, in the treatment of advanced esophageal cancer, evidence for combined-modality therapy has been obtained, and the usefulness of neoadjuvant therapy and conversion surgery has been reported. Neoadjuvant therapy is known to improve the results of surgery for advanced esophageal cancer. In particular, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) showed a better prognosis than chemotherapy. When a histologically effective response is obtained, the presence of a good response has been shown to significantly affect the resection rate and the long-term prognosis; thus, precise evaluation has become more important for determining the treatment strategy.
  • 163
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Imaging of Lymphatic System for Cancer Related Lymphedema
Lymphedema is a progressive chronic condition affecting approximately 250 million people worldwide, a number that is currently underestimated. In Western countries, the most common form of lymphedema of the extremities is cancer-related and less radical surgical intervention is the main option to prevent it. Standardized protocols in the areas of diagnosis, staging and treatment are strongly required to address this issue. 
  • 145
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Antibody-Based Radiopharmaceuticals Targeting Fibroblast Activation Protein
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a serine protease characterized by its high expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and near absence in adult normal tissues and benign lesions. This unique expression pattern positions FAP as a prospective biomarker for targeted tumor radiodiagnosis and therapy. The advent of FAP-based radiotheranostics is anticipated to revolutionize cancer management. 
  • 136
  • 08 Mar 2024
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