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Topic Review
Cardiac Masses and Pseudomasses
A cardiac lesion detected at ultrasonography might turn out to be a normal structure, a benign tumor or rarely a malignancy, and lesion characterization is very important to appropriately manage the lesion itself. The exact relationship of the mass with coronary arteries and the knowledge of possible concomitant coronary artery disease are necessary preoperative information.
  • 515
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nuclear Imaging for Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis
Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is a complex and serious form of heart failure caused by the accumulation of transthyretin amyloid protein in the heart muscle. Variable symptoms of ATTR-CM can lead to a delayed diagnosis. Recognizing the diagnostic indicators is crucial to promptly detect this condition.
  • 504
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Molecularly Targeted Lanthanide Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment
Injectable colloidal solutions of lanthanide oxides (nanoparticles between 10 and 100 nm in size) have demonstrated high biocompatibility and no toxicity when the nanoparticulate units are functionalized with specific biomolecules that molecularly target various proteins in the tumor microenvironment. Among the proteins successfully targeted by functionalized lanthanide nanoparticles are folic receptors, fibroblast activation protein (FAP), gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), and integrins associated with tumor neovasculature. Lutetium, samarium, europium, holmium, and terbium, either as lanthanide oxide nanoparticles or as nanoparticles doped with lanthanide ions, have demonstrated their theranostic potential through their ability to generate molecular images by magnetic resonance, nuclear, optical, or computed tomography imaging. Likewise, photodynamic therapy, targeted radiotherapy (neutron-activated nanoparticles), drug delivery guidance, and image-guided tumor therapy are some examples of their potential therapeutic applications. 
  • 498
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Implications of Rectal Cancer Radiotherapy on Immune Microenvironment
The efficiency of (chemo-)radiotherapy for rectal cancer is not only determined by the impact on the tumor cells themselves, but also by the highly individual surrounding tumor microenvironment, including immune cells. However, many aspects of the radiation-induced immune response remain to be fully understood. 
  • 481
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Managing Persistent Subsolid Nodules in Lung Cancer
With the popularization of lung cancer screening, many persistent subsolid nodules (SSNs) have been identified clinically, especially in Asian non-smokers. 
  • 458
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Radiomics in Gynaecological Imaging
Radiomics is an emerging field of research based on extracting mathematical descriptive features from medical images with the aim of improving diagnostic performance and providing increasing support to clinical decisions. A number of studies have been published regarding different possible applications of radiomics in gynaecological imaging. Many fields have been explored, such as tumour diagnosis and staging, differentiation of histological subtypes, assessment of distant metastases, prediction of response to therapy, recurrence, and patients’ outcome. 
  • 456
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Computed Tomography in Peripheral Artery Disease
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common and debilitating condition characterized by the narrowing of the limb arteries, primarily due to atherosclerosis. Non-invasive multi-modality imaging approaches using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear imaging have emerged as valuable tools for assessing PAD atheromatous plaques and vessel walls.
  • 455
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies for Targeted Fluorescence-Guided Surgery
Due to their specificity, monoclonal antibodies have significantly impacted cancer patients’ care, becoming one of the fastest-growing classes of new drugs approved for the treatment of solid tumors. Targeted fluorescence-guided surgery is a novel technology to better visualize tumor residuals intraoperatively. It consists of a fluorescent molecular probe, that, once injected, lights up the neoplastic cells during the surgical resection. In this regard, the development of an off-the-shelf large-scale production of clinically approved, fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies for targeted fluorescence-guided surgery is becoming an urgent need for oncological surgeons working in this field.
  • 450
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Function
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease that has been long overlooked, but lately its independent association with adverse cardiovascular outcomes was recognized. The time point to intervene and repair the tricuspid valve is defined by the right ventricular (RV) dilation and dysfunction that comes up at a later stage. While guidelines favor tricuspid valve repair before severe RV dysfunction ensues, the definition of RV dysfunction in a universal manner remains vague. As a result, the candidates for transcatheter or surgical TR procedures are often referred late, when advanced RV dysfunction is established, and any derived procedural survival benefit is attenuated.
  • 437
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Dual-Energy CT in Patients after Endovascular Aortic Repair
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a significant cause of mortality in developed countries. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is currently the leading treatment method for AAAs. Due to the high sensitivity and specificity of post-EVAR complication detection, CT angiography (CTA) is the reference method for imaging surveillance in patients after EVAR. Many studies have shown the advantages of dual-energy CT (DECT) over standard polyenergetic CTA in vascular applications.
  • 437
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
In Vivo Dosimetry in Radiotherapy: Techniques, Applications, and Future Directions
In vivo dosimetry (IVD) is a vital component of modern radiotherapy, ensuring accurate and safe delivery of radiation doses to patients by measuring dose parameters during treatment. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of IVD, covering its fundamental principles, historical development, and the technologies used in clinical practice. Key techniques, including thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSLDs), diodes, metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), and electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs), are discussed, highlighting their clinical applications, advantages, and limitations. The role of IVD in external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy, and pediatric treatments is emphasized, particularly its contributions to quality assurance, treatment validation, and error mitigation. Challenges such as measurement uncertainties, technical constraints, and integration into clinical workflows are explored, along with potential solutions and emerging innovations. The paper also addresses future perspectives, including advancements in artificial intelligence, adaptive radiotherapy, and personalized dosimetry systems. This entry underscores the critical role of IVD in enhancing the precision and reliability of radiotherapy, advocating for ongoing research and technological development.
  • 413
  • 26 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Antibody-Based Radiopharmaceuticals Targeting Fibroblast Activation Protein
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a serine protease characterized by its high expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and near absence in adult normal tissues and benign lesions. This unique expression pattern positions FAP as a prospective biomarker for targeted tumor radiodiagnosis and therapy. The advent of FAP-based radiotheranostics is anticipated to revolutionize cancer management. 
  • 402
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Computed Tomography in Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis
The recent emergence of photon-counting computed tomography (CT) has further enhanced CT performance in clinical applications, providing improved spatial and contrast resolution. CT-derived fractional flow reserve is superior to standard CT-based anatomical assessment for the detection of lesion-specific myocardial ischemia. CT-derived 3D-printed patient-specific models are also superior to standard CT, offering advantages in terms of educational value, surgical planning, and the simulation of cardiovascular disease treatment, as well as enhancing doctor–patient communication. Three-dimensional visualization tools including virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality are further advancing the clinical value of cardiovascular CT in cardiovascular disease.
  • 369
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Imaging of Lymphatic System for Cancer Related Lymphedema
Lymphedema is a progressive chronic condition affecting approximately 250 million people worldwide, a number that is currently underestimated. In Western countries, the most common form of lymphedema of the extremities is cancer-related and less radical surgical intervention is the main option to prevent it. Standardized protocols in the areas of diagnosis, staging and treatment are strongly required to address this issue. 
  • 363
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Qualitative Diagnostic Imaging for Decision Making
Recently, in the treatment of advanced esophageal cancer, evidence for combined-modality therapy has been obtained, and the usefulness of neoadjuvant therapy and conversion surgery has been reported. Neoadjuvant therapy is known to improve the results of surgery for advanced esophageal cancer. In particular, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) showed a better prognosis than chemotherapy. When a histologically effective response is obtained, the presence of a good response has been shown to significantly affect the resection rate and the long-term prognosis; thus, precise evaluation has become more important for determining the treatment strategy.
  • 342
  • 08 Feb 2024
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