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Topic Review
Auxin's Role in Nitrate-Regulated Plant Growth and Development
As a major component of vital macromolecules such as nucleic acids, amino acids, and chlorophyll, nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for plants. Although nitrogen is one of the most abundant elements in nature, accounting for about 70% of atmospheric gasses, its availability for plant uptake in the soil varies temporally and spatially. Therefore, modern agriculture relies heavily on nitrogen fertilization to maximize crop quality and yield. Auxins are a group of naturally occurring molecules derived from tryptophan, with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) being the major form of auxin. The biosynthesis of IAA is defined by a two-step metabolic pathway, in which the TAA family of aminotransferases converts tryptophan (Trp) to indole-3-pyruvate (IPA), followed by a YUC flavin monooxygenases-mediated conversion of IPA to IAA. Auxin has extensive regulatory functions in plant development. 
  • 789
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Functions of miRNA and lncRNA in Fleshy Fruit
A great number of functional genomics has shown that non-coding RNAs, especially miRNA and lncRNA, are involved in a diversity of developmental reproductive stages, from carpel formation and ovary development to the softening of the ripe/ripened fruit. Numerous genetic studies have also shown that miRNA and lncRNA regulation results in fruit development alteration, including organ pattern, fruit shape and size, as well as their developmental progress, such as miR159 involved in fruit set, miR160 associated with fruit shape, miR164 affecting locule number and miR156 regulating fruit softening. This layer of transcriptional control has been associated with ovule, seed and fruit development and fruit ripening, as well as stress responses, which are crucial developmental processes in breeding programs because of their relevance for crop production. 
  • 781
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nanofiber in Water, Energy, and Food Sectors
Fibers can originate from two main sources, natural and synthetic fibers. Natural fibers refer to the fibers obtained from plants, animals, and minerals. Natural resources including water, energy, and food have an increase in demand due to the global population increases. The sustainable management of these resources is an urgent global issue. These resources combined in a very vital nexus are called the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus. The field of nanotechnology offers promising solutions to overcome several problems in the WEF nexus.
  • 776
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus in Grain Lupins
Lupins (Lupinus spp.) are grown as annual cool-season grain legume (pulse) crops in all continents apart from Antarctica. The main production areas include countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea (European, North African, and Middle Eastern), northeast Europe, the Andean region of South America, southern Australia, southern Africa, and southeast USA. The most important, widespread, and damaging viral pathogen of grain lupins is bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV).
  • 766
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Latest Innovative Approaches in Agriculture
A key concern in agriculture is how to feed the expanding population and safeguard the environment from the ill effects of climate change. To feed a growing global population, food production and security are significant problems, as food output may need to double by 2050. Thus, more innovative and effective approaches for increasing agricultural productivity (hence, food production) are required to meet the rising demand for food. The world’s most widely cultivated grains include corn, wheat, and rice, which serve as the foundation for basic foods.
  • 764
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Quinoa’s Superiority over Other Cereals
Quinoa is a highly nutritious and abiotic stress-tolerant crop that can be used to ensure food security for the rapidly growing world population under changing climate conditions. Various experiments, based on morphology, phenology, physiology, and yield-related attributes, are being conducted across the globe to check its adoptability under stressful environmental conditions. High weed infestation, early stand establishment, photoperiod sensitivity, loss of seed viability after harvest, and heat stress during its reproductive stage are major constraints to its cultivation.
  • 764
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
RNA-Interference-Mediated Aphid Control in Crop Plants
Crop plants suffer severe yield losses due to the significant damages caused by aphids. RNA interference (RNAi) technology is a versatile and environmentally friendly method for pest management in crop protection. Transgenic plants expressing siRNA/dsRNA and non-transformative methods such as spraying, microinjection, feeding, and a nanocarrier-delivery-mediated RNAi approach have been successfully applied for agricultural insect pest management.
  • 743
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Medical Cannabis Production in NA
The production and use of cannabis for medical purposes has been legalized in Canada and several states in the USA. Due to the historically illegal nature of cannabis, there is very little information available in academic publications about appropriate growing media for growing cannabis.
  • 738
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Macadamia Decline Management
Macadamia decline poses a serious economic threat to the macadamia industry. It exhibits either a slow decline due to infection by Kretzschmaria clavus or Ganoderma lucidum, or a quick decline caused by pathogens like Phytophthora spp., Lasiodiplodia spp., Neofusiccocum spp., Nectria rugulosa, Xylaria arbuscula, Phellinus gilvus, Acremonium recifei, and Rosellinia spp. Chemical strategies, resistant cultivars, and agronomic measures have been widely adopted to control macadamia decline, but effective biological control measures have rarely been applied.
  • 722
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) are a diverse group of microorganisms that can enhance plant growth and nutrition, improve plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal pollution, and reduce the growth of certain pathogens.
  • 715
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Potato Late Blight Disease Caused by Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, 1876 is the oomycete responsible for potato late blight disease, generally recognized as the worst pathogen of potato. 
  • 714
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Innovative Pulses for Western European Temperate Regions
In Europe, there is an increasing interest in pulses both for their beneficial effects in cropping systems and for human health. However, despite these advantages, the acreage dedicated to pulses has been declining and their diversity has reduced, particularly in European temperate regions, due to several social and economic factors. This decline has stimulated a political debate in the EU on the development of plant proteins. By contrast, in Southern countries, a large panel of minor pulses is still cropped in regional patterns of production and consumption.
  • 703
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Sources of HM Contamination in Arable Lands
Heavy metals and metalloids (HMs) are environmental pollutants, most notably cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury, and chromium. When HMs accumulate to toxic levels in agricultural soils, these non-biodegradable elements adversely affect crop health and productivity. The toxicity of HMs on crops depends upon factors including crop type, growth condition, and developmental stage; nature of toxicity of the specific elements involved; soil physical and chemical properties; occurrence and bioavailability of HM ions in the soil solution; and soil rhizosphere chemistry. HMs can disrupt the normal structure and function of cellular components and impede various metabolic and developmental processes. 
  • 703
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Bases of Molybdenum Homeostasis in Legumes
Legumes play a special role in this process, as they have unique characteristics with respect to storing protein and many other important components in their seeds that are useful for human and animal nutrition as well as industry and agriculture. A great advantage of legumes is the nitrogen fixation activity of their symbiotic nodule bacteria. This nitrogen self-sufficiency contributes directly to the challenging issue of feeding the world’s growing population. Molybdenum is one of the most sought-after nutrients because it provides optimal conditions for the maximum efficiency of the enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation as well as other molybdenum-containing enzymes in the host plant and symbiotic nodule bacteria. Molybdenum supply improves seed quality and allows for the efficient use of the micronutrient by molybdenum-containing enzymes in the plant and subsequently the nodules at the initial stages of growth after germination. A sufficient supply of molybdenum avoids competition for this trace element between nitrogenase and nodule nitrate reductase, which enhances the supply of nitrogen to the plant
  • 701
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Biochar Impacts
Around the world, biochar, a multipurpose carbonaceous material, is being used to concurrently solve issues with enhancing soil fertility, plant growth, and development under both normal and stressful circumstances. It improves water retention, fosters nutrient absorption, and promotes microbial activity, creating a fertile environment that supports sustainable and resilient agriculture. Additionally, biochar acts as a carbon sink, contributing to long-term carbon sequestration and mitigating climate change impacts. The application of biochar is one of the sustainable approaches to improving the physical and chemical properties of soil, and the quality of produce and crops yield. Furthermore, biochar has proven to be efficient in different applications, particularly soil amendment for crop production and the removal of pollutants from the contaminated water and soil environments.
  • 701
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Weed Detection in Wheat Crops
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a commonly cultivated cereal worldwide that covers about 237 million hectares annually, producing 765 million tons of yield. Weeds cause economic losses in wheat crops that can range from 40 to 50%, and must be controlled throughout the crop’s growing season to achieve an appropriate crop yield. Weeds constitute unwanted plants that fight with crops for nutrients, resources, and sunlight. They can have a number of detrimental effects, including reducing agricultural yields and unmanageable weed populations.
  • 700
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Crop Wild Relatives in Specific Cultivated Species
Global climate change is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth, production, and sustainability worldwide. Moreover, breeding efforts in the past years have focused on improving certain favorable crop traits, leading to genetic bottlenecks. The use of crop wild relatives (CWRs) to expand genetic diversity and improve crop adaptability seems to be a promising and sustainable approach for crop improvement in the context of the ongoing climate challenges. The crop wild relatives in specific cultivated species such as tomato, alfalfa grain legumes and woody perennials are discussed. 
  • 697
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Earthworm Impact
Earthworms serve as ecological mediators influencing soil structures and microbial activities. The role played by earthworms in improving organic matter decomposition, soil fertility, and soil microorganisms’ activity is discussed herein.
  • 695
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Massive Open Online Courses on Sensory Learning
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have been described as a “next development of networked learning”, and they have the potential to mediate sensory learning. Most MOOC exploration, particularly on sensory learning, to date has zeroed in on student issues, for example, the student experience, social learning, commitment, self-controlled learning, inspiration, execution, and MOOC finish. Instead, research on MOOC teachers has a minor impact. To address this hole, MOOC specialists later on might target educators or plan more extensive investigations of different MOOC partners such as students, teachers, educational originators, or program heads. More examinations of MOOC teachers’ plan cycle and discernments would enhance the comprehension of MOOC wonder. Such exploration could advance a more profound comprehension of the nature of MOOCs, social affectability in MOOCs, MOOC instructional methods including course intuitiveness and commitment, and evaluation rehearsals from MOOC educators’ points of view.
  • 692
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Melatonin in Nitrogen Metabolism
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a biogenic amine discovered in 1958 in the pineal gland of cow, and later in humans.
  • 689
  • 13 Dec 2022
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