1000/1000
Hot
Most Recent
Heavy metals and metalloids (HMs) are environmental pollutants, most notably cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury, and chromium. When HMs accumulate to toxic levels in agricultural soils, these non-biodegradable elements adversely affect crop health and productivity. The toxicity of HMs on crops depends upon factors including crop type, growth condition, and developmental stage; nature of toxicity of the specific elements involved; soil physical and chemical properties; occurrence and bioavailability of HM ions in the soil solution; and soil rhizosphere chemistry. HMs can disrupt the normal structure and function of cellular components and impede various metabolic and developmental processes.
Fertilizers | Cadmium Content (mg Kg−1) | |
---|---|---|
Based on Product | Based on P Content | |
Complete fertilizer | 23–29 | 418–527 |
Single superphosphate | 16–26 | 186–302 |
Superphosphate | 13–34 | 151–395 |
Rock phosphate | 7.2–47 | 54–303 |
High analysis fertilizer | <0.6–5.6 | 15–118 |
Double superphosphate | <0.6–12 | <3.6–72 |
Triple superphosphate | 0.8–7.0 | 24–35 |
Mono-ammonium phosphate | 1.8–8.1 | 12–37 |
Di-ammonium phosphate | 4.3–6.6 | 22–28 |
Elements | MAX | MIN | Fold Difference |
---|---|---|---|
mg Kg−1 Soil | |||
Cd | 0.65 | 0.06 | 10.8 |
Cu | 171.5 | 21.0 | 8.2 |
Ni | 36.9 | 28.7 | 1.3 |
Pb | 38.0 | 20.5 | 1.9 |
Zn | 433 | 71.9 | 6 |
Chemical Name | Formula | HM Elements |
---|---|---|
Insecticides | ||
Aluminum phosphide | AIP | Al |
Aluminum silicate | Al2Si2O7 | Al |
Arsenic acid | H3AsO4 | As |
Copper acetoarsenite | C4H6As6Cu4O16 | As, Cu |
Copper oxide | Cu2O | Cu |
Copper carbonate | CH2Cu2O | Cu |
Copper naphthenate | C22H14CuO4 | Cu |
Lead arsenate | AsHO4Pb | As, Pb |
Lithium perfluorooctane sulfonate | C8F17LiO3S | Li |
Sodium meta-arsenite | NaAsO2 | As |
Fungicide | ||
Copper oxide | CuO | Cu |
Copper bis(3-phenylsalicylate) | C26H18CuO6 | Cu |
Copper abietate | C40H58CuO4 | Cu |
Copper acetate | Cu2(CH3COO)4 | Cu |
Copper carbonate | CH2Cu2O | Cu |
Copper chloride | CuCl2 | Cu |
Copper hydroxide | H2O2Cu | Cu |
Copper naphthenate | C22H14CuO4 | Cu |
Copper oxychloride | (ClCu2H3O3)2 | Cu |
Copper sulphate | CuSO4-Ca(OH)2 | Cu |
Mercuric oxide | HgO | Hg |
Mercurous chloride | Hg2Cl2 | Hg |
Methoxyethylmercury chloride | C3H7ClHgO | Hg |
Methoxyethylmercury acetate | C5H10HgO3 | Hg |
Phenyl mercuric acetate | C8H8O2Hg | Hg |
Phenylmercury chloride | C6H5ClHg | Hg |
Phenylmercury nitrate | C6H5HgNO3 | Hg |
Sodium arsenite | NaAsO2 | As |
Zinc borate | ZnB3O4(OH)3 | Zn, B |
Zinc oxide | ZnO | Zn |
Zineb | C4H6N2S4Zn | Zn |
Herbicides | ||
Arsenic acid | H3AsO4 | As |
Calcium arsenate | As2Ca3O8 | As |
Sodium arsenite | NaAsO2 | As |
Cacodylic acid | (CH3)2AsO(OH) | As |
Rodenticides | ||
Barium carbonate | BaCO3 | Ba |
Zinc phosphide | Zn3P2 | Zn |
Thallium sulfate | Tl2SO4 | Tl |
Defoliants | ||
Sodium dichromate | Na2Cr2O7 | Cr |
Zinc chloride | ZnCl2 | Zn |
Mercuric chloride | HgCl2 | Hg |
Trade Name | Technical Name | Metal Impurities (ppb) * |
---|---|---|
Insecticides | Defarge et al. [38] | |
Pyrinex® | Chlorpyriphos | As (390), Cr (800), Ni (1200) |
Polysect® | Acetamiprid | Ni (50) |
Fungicides | Defarge et al., [38] | |
Eyetak® | Prochloraz | As (200), Co (90), Cr (200), Ni (190), Pb (12) |
Folpan® | Folpet | As (260), Cr (2000), Ni (1200) |
Maronee® | Tebuconazole | As (90), Co (50), Cr (100) |
Opus® | Epoxiconazole | Cr (90), Ni (60) |
Pictor® | Boscalid | As (300), Co (275), Cr (1000), Ni (600) |
Teldor® | Fenhexamid | As (575), Cr (800), Ni (800) |
Herbicides | Defarge et al. [38] | |
R 3+® | Glyphosate-based formulations | As (375), Co (50), Cr (175), Ni (20) |
R Bioforce® | As (260), Cr (200), Ni (120) | |
R Express® | As (60) | |
R GT+® | As (450), Co (150), Cr (100), Ni (50), Pb (10) | |
R WeatherMax® | As (500), Cr (100), Ni (20), Pb (10) | |
Bayer GC® | As (75), Co (60), Cr, (110) Ni (20) | |
Clinic EV® | As (400), Co (90), Cr (150), Ni (20) | |
Glyfos® | As (200), Cr (1100), Ni (50), Pb (30) | |
Glyphogan® | As (320), Co (125), Cr (100), Ni (40) | |
Pavaprop-G® | Cr (110), N (190) | |
Radical Tech+® | As (270), Co (70), Cr (50), Ni (50) | |
Lonpar® | 2,4-D | As (160), Cr (150), Ni (180) |
Matin® | Isoproturon | As (100), Cr (100), Ni (30), Pb (25) |
Starane® | Fluoroxypyr | As (75), Cr (250), Ni (100), Pb (100) |
Insecticides | Alnuwaiser [39] | |
Sniper® | Fipronil | Zn (506), Cu (423), Cr (746), Co (275), Pb (88) |
CyperCel® | Cypermethrin | Zn (2389), Cu (669), Cr (373), Co (18), Pb (807) |
CyperSafe® | Cypermethrin | Zn (968), Cu (464), Cr (10), Co (6), Pb (119) |
Scope 60® | Asaybrmthrin | Zn (527), Cu (539), Cr (437), Co (23), Pb (39) |
Brodor® | Permethrin | Zn (10), Cr (16), Pb (186) |
Clash® | Acephate + Buprofezin | Zn (1078), Cr (73), Co (39), Pb (1316) |
Acefed® | Mithomail | Cu (19), Cr (48), Co (4), Pb (121) |
Lanid® | - | Cu (128), Cr (60), Pb (98) |
Probalt® | - | Cu (179), Cr (85), Co (25), Pb (46) |
Nourcam® | - | - |
Madar® | - | Zn (10), Cu (66), Cr (16), Co (10), |
PifPaf® | - | Cu (110), Co (5), Thallium, Tl (19), Pb (12) |
Paygon® | - | Zn (52), Tl (15), Pb (19) |
Source | Level | Zn | Cu | Pb | Cd | Cr | Hg | As | Ni |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pig | MAX | 4639 | 1288 | 23 | 60 | 85 | 0.3 | 89 | 19 |
MIN | 100 | 73 | 0.3 | 0.04 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 0.01 | 4.7 | |
FD | 46 | 18 | 77 | 1500 | 24 | - | 8900 | 4.0 | |
Chicken | MAX | 578 | 314 | 33 | 4.1 | 251 | 0.5 | 23 | 39 |
MIN | 166 | 18 | 3.0 | 0.03 | 4.0 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 5.2 | |
FD | 3.5 | 17 | 11 | 137 | 63 | 25 | 460 | 7.5 | |
Duck | MAX | 682 | 199 | 41 | 2.5 | 64 | 0.07 | 6.8 | 16 |
MIN | 98 | 35 | 4.5 | 0.3 | 7.0 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 8.4 | |
FD | 7.0 | 5.7 | 9.1 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 2.3 | 680 | 1.9 | |
Poultry | MAX | 682 | 314 | 41 | 4.1 | 251 | 0.5 | 23 | 39 |
MIN | 77 | 15 | 2.0 | 0.03 | 2.5 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 5.2 | |
FD | 8.9 | 21 | 21 | 137 | 100 | 25 | 2300 | 7.5 | |
Cattle | MAX | 816 | 174 | 32 | 3.4 | 79 | 0.6 | 6.3 | 19 |
MIN | 49 | 12 | 1.6 | 0.04 | 0.8 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 4.2 | |
FD | 17 | 15 | 20 | 85 | 99 | 30 | 630 | 4.5 | |
Sheep | MAX | 431 | 215 | 20 | 1.4 | 22 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 12 |
MIN | 42 | 8.4 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 8.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.2 | |
FD | 10 | 26 | 12 | 4.7 | 2.8 | 12 | 4.3 | 10 |
Elements | Maximum Permissible Level (mg Kg−1) | Cumulative Loading Rate (Kg ha−1) | Monthly Average Concentrations (mg Kg−1) | Annual Loading Rate (Kg ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
As | 75 | 41 | 41 | 2.0 |
Cd | 85 | 39 | 39 | 1.9 |
Cr | 3000 | 3000 | 1200 | 150 |
Cu | 4300 | 1500 | 1500 | 75 |
Pb | 840 | 300 | 300 | 15 |
Hg | 57 | 17 | 17 | 0.9 |
Ni | 420 | 420 | 420 | 21 |
Se | 100 | 100 | 36 | 5.0 |
Zn | 7500 | 2800 | 2800 | 140 |
Elements | Cr | Cu | Zn | As | Cd | Pb | Ni | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg L−1 | ||||||||
Max level (FD) * |
2.13 (21.3) |
4.62 (23.1) |
15.20 (7.6) |
0.52 (5.2) |
0.02 (2.0) |
1.15 (0.2) |
- | Ahmed et al. [16] |
Max level (FD) |
0.94 (9.4) |
0.61 (3.1) |
0.86 (0.4) |
- | 0.04 (4.0) |
0.19 (0.04) |
0.12 (0.6) |
Berihun et al. [58] |
FAO limit | 0.10 | 0.20 | 2.00 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 5.00 | 0.20 |