Heavy metals and metalloids (HMs) are environmental pollutants, most notably cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury, and chromium. When HMs accumulate to toxic levels in agricultural soils, these non-biodegradable elements adversely affect crop health and productivity. The toxicity of HMs on crops depends upon factors including crop type, growth condition, and developmental stage; nature of toxicity of the specific elements involved; soil physical and chemical properties; occurrence and bioavailability of HM ions in the soil solution; and soil rhizosphere chemistry. HMs can disrupt the normal structure and function of cellular components and impede various metabolic and developmental processes.
Fertilizers | Cadmium Content (mg Kg−1) | |
---|---|---|
Based on Product | Based on P Content | |
Complete fertilizer | 23–29 | 418–527 |
Single superphosphate | 16–26 | 186–302 |
Superphosphate | 13–34 | 151–395 |
Rock phosphate | ||
Insecticides | ||
Alnuwaiser | ||
[ | ||
39 | ||
] | ||
Sniper | ||
® | ||
Fipronil | ||
Zn (506), Cu (423), Cr (746), Co (275), Pb (88) | ||
CyperCel | ||
® | ||
Cypermethrin | ||
Zn (2389), Cu (669), Cr (373), Co (18), Pb (807) | ||
CyperSafe® | Cypermethrin | Zn (968), Cu (464), Cr (10), Co (6), Pb (119) |
Scope 60® | Asaybrmthrin | Zn (527), Cu (539), Cr (437), Co (23), Pb (39) |
Brodor® | Permethrin | Zn (10), Cr (16), Pb (186) |
Clash® | Acephate + Buprofezin | Zn (1078), Cr (73), Co (39), Pb (1316) |
Acefed® | Mithomail | Cu (19), Cr (48), Co (4), Pb (121) |
Lanid® | - | Cu (128), Cr (60), Pb (98) |
Probalt® | - | Cu (179), Cr (85), Co (25), Pb (46) |
Nourcam® | - | - |
Madar® | - | Zn (10), Cu (66), Cr (16), Co (10), |
PifPaf® | - | Cu (110), Co (5), Thallium, Tl (19), Pb (12) |
Paygon® | - | Zn (52), Tl (15), Pb (19) |
Source | Level | Zn | Cu | Pb | Cd | Cr | Hg | As | Ni |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7.2–47 | |||||||||
54–303 | |||||||||
High analysis fertilizer | <0.6–5.6 | 15–118 | |||||||
Double superphosphate | <0.6–12 | <3.6–72 | |||||||
Triple superphosphate | 0.8–7.0 | 24–35 | |||||||
Mono-ammonium phosphate | 1.8–8.1 | 12–37 | |||||||
Di-ammonium phosphate | 4.3–6.6 | 22–28 |
Elements | MAX | MIN | Fold Difference |
---|---|---|---|
mg Kg−1 Soil | |||
Cd | 0.65 | 0.06 | 10.8 |
HgCl | |||
2 | |||
Hg | |||
Trade Name | Technical Name | Metal Impurities (ppb) * | |
---|---|---|---|
Insecticides | Defarge et al. | ||
Cu | 171.5 | 21.0 | 8.2 |
Ni | 36.9 | 28.7 | 1.3 |
Pb | 38.0 | 20.5 | 1.9 |
Zn | 433 | 71.9 | 6 |
Chemical Name | Formula | HM Elements | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insecticides | |||||
[ | 38 | ] | Aluminum phosphide | AIP | Al |
Pyrinex® | Chlorpyriphos | As (390), Cr (800), Ni (1200) | Aluminum silicate | Al2Si2O7 | Al |
Folpan | |||||
(CH | |||||
0.6 | |||||
1.2 | |||||
FD | |||||
10 | |||||
26 | |||||
12 | |||||
4.7 | |||||
2.8 | |||||
12 | 4.3 | 10 |
Elements | Maximum Permissible Level (mg Kg−1) | Cumulative Loading Rate (Kg ha−1) | Monthly Average Concentrations (mg Kg−1) | Annual Loading Rate (Kg ha−1) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pig | MAX | 4639 | 1288 | 23 | 60 | 85 | 0.3 | 89 | 19 | |||||||||
As | 75 | 41 | 41 | 2.0 | ||||||||||||||
(23.1) | 15.20 | (7.6) | 0.52 (5.2) |
0.02 (2.0) |
1.15 (0.2) |
- | Ahmed et al. [16] | MIN | Cd100 | |||||||||
Max level | 85 | 73 | (FD)0.3 | 390.04 | 3.5 | 0.9439 | 0.0 |
0.01 | 4.7 | |||||||||
(9.4) | 0.61 | 1.9 | ||||||||||||||||
(3.1) | 0.86 | (0.4) |
- | 0.04 (4.0) |
0.19 (0.04) |
0.12 (0.6) |
Berihun et al. [58] | Polysect® | Acetamiprid | Ni (50) | FD | 46 | 18 | 77 | Cr | Arsenic acid | H3AsO4 | |
FAO limit | 3000 | 3000 | 1200 | 1500 | 24 | - | 1508900 | 4.0As | ||||||||||
Chicken | ||||||||||||||||||
0.10 | 0.20 | MAX | ||||||||||||||||
3 | ||||||||||||||||||
Fungicides | Defarge et al., [38] | 578 | 314 | 33 | 4.1 | 251 | 0.5 | 23 | 39 | |||||||||
Cu | 4300 | 1500 | 1500 | 75 | Copper acetoarsenite | C4H6As6Cu4O16 | As, Cu | |||||||||||
MIN | 166 | 18 | 3.0 | 0.03 | 4.0 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 5.2 | Copper oxide | ®Cu2O | Cu | |||||||
Folpet | As (260), Cr (2000), Ni (1200) | |||||||||||||||||
FD | 3.5 | 17 | 11 | 137 | 63 | 25 | 460 | 7.5 | ||||||||||
Duck | MAX | 682 | 199 | 41 | 2.5 | 64 | 0.07 | 6.8 | 16 | |||||||||
MIN | 98 |
Elements | Cr | Cu | Zn | As | Cd | Pb | Ni | References | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg L−1 | |||||||||||||||||
Max level (FD) * |
2.13 (21.3) |
4.62 | |||||||||||||||
2.00 | |||||||||||||||||
0.10 | |||||||||||||||||
35 | |||||||||||||||||
4.5 | |||||||||||||||||
0.3 | 7.0 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 8.4 | |||||||||||||
0.01 | 5.00 | 0.20 | Pb | 840 | 300 | 300 | 15 | Copper carbonate | CH2Cu | FD | 7.0 | 5.7 | 9.1 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 2.3 | |
Hg | 57 | 17 | 17 | 0.9 | |||||||||||||
Ni | 2O | Cu | |||||||||||||||
420 | 420 | 420 | 21 | Copper naphthenate | C22H14CuO4 | Cu | |||||||||||
Se | 100 | 100 | 36 | 5.0 | Lead arsenate | 680 | C8F17LiO3S | Li | |||||||||
1.9 | |||||||||||||||||
Poultry | MAX | 682 | Sodium meta-arsenite | NaAsO2 | As | ||||||||||||
314 | |||||||||||||||||
Zn | 41 | 4.1 | 251 | 0.5 | 23 | 39 | Fungicide | ||||||||||
Copper oxide | |||||||||||||||||
7500 | CuO | Cu | |||||||||||||||
Copper bis(3-phenylsalicylate) | C26H18CuO6 | Cu | |||||||||||||||
Copper abietate | C40H58CuO4 | Cu | |||||||||||||||
Copper acetate | Cu2(CH3COO)4 | Cu | |||||||||||||||
Copper carbonate | CH2Cu2 | ||||||||||||||||
) | |||||||||||||||||
2 | |||||||||||||||||
Maronee® | Tebuconazole | As (90), Co (50), Cr (100) | |||||||||||||||
Opus® | Epoxiconazole | Cr (90), Ni (60) | |||||||||||||||
Pictor® | AsHO4Pb | BoscalidAs, Pb | |||||||||||||||
As (300), Co (275), Cr (1000), Ni (600) | 2800 | 2800 | Lithium perfluorooctane sulfonate | O | |||||||||||||
Teldor® | Fenhexamid | Cu | |||||||||||||||
As (575), Cr (800), Ni (800) | |||||||||||||||||
Herbicides | Defarge et al. | MIN[ | 77 | 15 | 2.0 | 0.03 | 2.5 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 5.2 | |||||||
FD | 8.9 | 21 | 21 | 137 | 100 | 25 | 2300 | 7.5 | Copper chloride | ||||||||
Cattle | CuCl2 | Cu | |||||||||||||||
38 | Copper hydroxide | H2O2Cu | Cu | ||||||||||||||
Copper naphthenate | C22H14CuO4 | Cu | |||||||||||||||
Copper oxychloride | (ClCu2H3O3)2 | Cu | |||||||||||||||
Copper sulphate | AsO(OH) | As | |||||||||||||||
] | |||||||||||||||||
R 3+® | Glyphosate-based formulations | As (375), Co (50), Cr (175), Ni (20) | CuSO | Rodenticides | |||||||||||||
Eyetak® | MAX | 816 | 174 | 32 | |||||||||||||
Prochloraz | As (200), Co (90), Cr (200), Ni (190), Pb (12) | ||||||||||||||||
R Bioforce® | As (260), Cr (200), Ni (120) | ||||||||||||||||
3.4 | 79 | 0.6 | 6.3 | 19 | R Express® | As (60) | |||||||||||
R GT+® | As (450), Co (150), Cr (100), Ni (50), Pb (10) | 4-Ca(OH)2 | Cu | ||||||||||||||
Mercuric oxide | HgO | Hg | |||||||||||||||
140 | MIN | 49 | 12 | 1.6 | 0.04 | 0.8 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 4.2 | ||||||||
FD | 17 | 15 | 20 | 85 | 99 | 30 | 630 | 4.5 | |||||||||
Sheep | MAX | 431 | 215 | 20 | 1.4 | 22 | 2.4 | 2.6 | Mercurous chloride | Hg2Cl2 | Hg | ||||||
Methoxyethylmercury chloride | C3H7ClHgO | Hg | |||||||||||||||
Methoxyethylmercury acetate | |||||||||||||||||
R WeatherMax® | As (500), Cr (100), Ni (20), Pb (10) | 12 | C5Barium carbonate | BaCO | |||||||||||||
Bayer GC® | |||||||||||||||||
3 | Ba | ||||||||||||||||
As (75), Co (60), Cr, (110) Ni (20) | |||||||||||||||||
MIN | 42 | 8.4 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 8.0 | Clinic EV® | As (400), Co (90), Cr (150), Ni (20) | ||||||||||
0.2 | Glyfos® | As (200), Cr (1100), Ni (50), Pb (30) | H10HgOZinc phosphide | Zn3P2 | Zn | ||||||||||||
Thallium sulfate | Tl2SO4 | Tl | |||||||||||||||
Defoliants | |||||||||||||||||
Glyphogan® | As (320), Co (125), Cr (100), Ni (40) | ||||||||||||||||
Pavaprop-G® | Cr (110), N (190) | ||||||||||||||||
Radical Tech+® | As (270), Co (70), Cr (50), Ni (50) | ||||||||||||||||
Lonpar® | 2,4-D | As (160), Cr (150), Ni (180) | |||||||||||||||
Matin® | Isoproturon | As (100), Cr (100), Ni (30), Pb (25) | |||||||||||||||
Starane® | Fluoroxypyr | As (75), Cr (250), Ni (100), Pb (100) | 3 | Hg | |||||||||||||
Phenyl mercuric acetate | C8H8O2Hg | Hg | |||||||||||||||
Phenylmercury chloride | C6H5ClHg | Hg | |||||||||||||||
Phenylmercury nitrate | C6H5HgNO3 | Hg | |||||||||||||||
Sodium arsenite | NaAsO2 | As | |||||||||||||||
Zinc borate | ZnB3O4(OH)3 | Zn, B | |||||||||||||||
Zinc oxide | ZnO | Zn | |||||||||||||||
Zineb | C4H6N2S4Zn | Zn | |||||||||||||||
Herbicides | |||||||||||||||||
Arsenic acid | H3AsO4 | As | |||||||||||||||
Calcium arsenate | As2Ca3O8 | As | |||||||||||||||
Sodium arsenite | NaAsO2 | As | |||||||||||||||
Cacodylic acid | |||||||||||||||||
Sodium dichromate | Na2Cr2O7 | Cr | |||||||||||||||
Zinc chloride | ZnCl2 | Zn | |||||||||||||||
Mercuric chloride |