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Topic Review
MicroRNA Let-7d
microRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Let-7d is a microRNA of the conserved let-7 family that is dysregulated in female malignancies including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and cervical cancer. Moreover, a dysregulation is observed in endometriosis and pregnancy-associated diseases such as preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction.
  • 835
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Female Oncofertility
Female oncofertility is recently implemented conception in the female fertility treatment. It includes the therapeutic approaches to preserve the fertility competence in cancer patients.
  • 835
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Quality of Life Women Suffering from Endometriosis
Quality of life is related to good health, family relations, feeling of self-esteem, and ability to cope with difficult situations. Endometriosis is a chronic condition which affects different areas of life.
  • 831
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Oviductal Extracellular Vesicles
In this review, we have described characteristics of extracellular vesicles in the oviduct from different species and their role in supporting oocytes, sperm, and embryos.
  • 826
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Pregnancy Complications Foreshadow Future Disease
During gestation, the maternal body should increase its activity to fulfil the demands of the developing fetus as pregnancy progresses. Each maternal organ adapts in a unique manner and pace. In an organ or system that was already vulnerable before pregnancy, the burden of pregnancy can trigger overt clinical manifestations. After delivery, symptoms usually reside; however, in time, because of the age-related metabolic and pro-atherogenic changes, they reappear. Therefore, it is believed that pregnancy acts as a medical stress test for mothers. Pregnancy complications such as gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus foreshadow cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes later in life. Affected women are encouraged to modify their lifestyle after birth by adjusting their diet and exercise habits. Blood pressure and plasmatic glucose level checking are recommended so that early therapeutic intervention can reduce long-term morbidity.
  • 826
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Endometriosis of Canal of Nuck
Endometriosis is a common benign gynecological condition defined as the presence of endometrial tissue in tissues outside the uterine cavity. Apart from the common sites of endometriosis, rare sites other have also been reported including the liver, the thoracic cavity, the muscles, nerves, and more rarely in a patent Nuck canal. We aim to evaluate the clinical presentation, diagnostic features, and management of the Nuck endometriosis. A meticulous search of three electronic databases was performed until May 2020 for articles reporting cases of Nuck endometriosis. A total of 36 patients from 20 studies were analyzed. Median age of patients was 36 years with 33 women being of reproductive age. A right-sided lesion was identified in 30 cases (83.3%), while all patients suffer from a groin mass with cyclic pain in a proportion of 22%. All the patients finally underwent surgery for investigation of the lesion and fixation of the defect. Five cases of malignancy were detected at final pathology. All of them were alive with a median reported overall survival of 37 months. Nuck endometriosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of female patients with groin swelling. An evaluation by a gynecologist is important when endometriosis is suspected.
  • 825
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Robotic Surgery in Benign Gynecological Pathology
Since the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) approval in 2005, the application of robotic surgery (RS) in gynecology has been adopted all over the world. Currently, a minimally invasive approach is suggested in benign gynecological pathologies. RS has comparable clinical outcomes compared to laparoscopy (LPS). RS allowed a growing number of patients to gain access to minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and benefit from a minimally invasive treatment, due to a flattened learning curve and enhanced dexterity and visualization.
  • 825
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Placenta of Pregnancy Complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a glucose intolerance developing or first recognized during pregnancy, leads to a series of short- and long-term maternal and fetal complications, somehow related to placenta structural and functional changes. The placenta has a key role in correct fetal development. A series of factors are related to the correct functioning of the placenta as maternal and fetal blood flow, expression and function of receptors and transporters, and appropriate nutrients.
  • 823
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Differential Diagnosis of Acute Pelvic Pain
In female patients, acute pelvic pain can be caused by gynaecological, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract pathologies. Due to the variety of diagnostic possibilities, the correct assessment of these patients may be challenging. The most frequent gynaecological causes of acute pelvic pain in non-pregnant women are pelvic inflammatory disease, ruptured ovarian cysts, ovarian torsion, and degeneration or torsion of uterine leiomyomas. On the other hand, spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and placental disorders are the most frequent gynaecological entities to cause acute pelvic pain in pregnant patients.
  • 819
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Melatonin in Physiological/Biological Ovarian Aging
Melatonin, a highly functionally diverse, low-molecular-weight antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent has been sparingly studied relative to its ability to reduce patho-physiological processes common to the peripheral female reproductive system. Currently it is known that melatonin reduction is associated with multiple processes underlying changes in the ovary, especially late in the cessation of the reproductive life span. In this sense, it is essential deepen the knowledge about the physiological and molecular actions of melatonin in the maintenance of normal ovaries and in the aging ovaries, and integrate the acquired information for considering melatonin in the treatment of age-related infertility. Additional research is needed to fully understand the effects of melatonin supplementation on potentially enhancing fertility, however, studies published to date suggest it may be a promising option for those struggling with infertility.
  • 814
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Placental Methylation in Pregnancies
The placental methylation pattern is crucial for the regulation of genes involved in trophoblast invasion and placental development, both key events for fetal growth. We investigated LINE-1 methylation and methylome profiling using a methylation EPIC array and the targeted methylation sequencing of 154 normal, full-term pregnancies, stratified by birth weight percentiles. LINE-1 methylation showed evidence of a more pronounced hypomethylation in small neonates compared with normal and large for gestational age. Genome-wide methylation, performed in two subsets of pregnancies, showed very similar methylation profiles among cord blood samples while placentae from different pregnancies appeared very variable. A unique methylation profile emerged in each placenta, which could represent the sum of adjustments that the placenta made during the pregnancy to preserve the epigenetic homeostasis of the fetus. Investigations into the 1000 most variable sites between cord blood and the placenta showed that promoters and gene bodies that are hypermethylated in the placenta are associated with blood-specific functions, whereas those that are hypomethylated belong mainly to pathways involved in cancer. These features support the functional analogies between a placenta and cancer. 
  • 813
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Association between Sodium Channels and Gynecological Cancers
Targeted therapy against cancer plays a key role in delivering safer and more efficient treatments. In the last decades, ion channels have been studied for their participation in oncogenic processes because their aberrant expression and/or function have been associated with different types of malignancies, including ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancer. 
  • 813
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Ultrasound as a Screening Test for Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the seventh most common malignancy diagnosed among women, the eighth leading cause of cancer mortality globally, and the most common cause of death among all gynecological cancers. Even though recent advances in technology have allowed for more accurate radiological and laboratory diagnostic tests, approximately 60% of OC cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage. The role of ultrasound (U/S) is well documented in the primary diagnosis of OC and is potentially useful in the detection of OC associated with endometriosis. 
  • 807
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ion Transport System in Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is a significant gynecological cancer and causes cancer-related deaths worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is implicated in the etiology of cervical malignancy. However, much evidence indicates that HPV infection is a necessary but not sufficient cause in cervical carcinogenesis. Therefore, the cellular pathophysiology of cervical cancer is worthy of study. 
  • 804
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Telocytes in the Female Reproductive System
Telocytes (TCs) have been described in the ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary gland, and placenta. Their morphological features, immunophenotype, physiological functions, and roles in disease have been thoroughly documented in both animal models and human subjects. TCs, with their extremely long cytoplasmic processes called telopodes, play a pivotal role in the morphological and functional interconnection of all the components of the interstitial compartment, but also with constituents of the parenchyma.
  • 804
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pregnant and Postpartum Women Requiring Care for COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 is a coronavirus classified in the same subgroup as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Both can cause a variety of respiratory illnesses ranging in severity from a common cold to severe pneumonia, inflammatory response, acute lung injury, and death.  Research on COVID-19 revealed that SARS CoV-2 does not only affect the respiratory tract but can also lead to endothelial inflammation, cardiomyopathy, multi-organ dysfunction, neurological syndromes, and hypercoagulability. Progression of COVID-19 is rare in pregnant and postpartum women treated in the ICU. Preterm birth rate is high and COVID-19 requiring respiratory support increases the risk of poor maternal and neonatal outcome. 
  • 800
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Clinical and Physiological Significance of L-Arginine Methabolism
L-arginine is transported by members of the cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) family. This transport system is Na+-independent, pH-insensitive, and activated by hyper-polarization and substrate trans-stimulation.
  • 785
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Fertility Sparing Surgery and Borderline Ovarian Tumours
Fertility sparing surgery (FSS) is now a widely acceptable treatment for the management of Borderline Ovarian Tumours (BOTs) in women of reproductive age. However, many clinicians face the dilemma of balancing the risks of disease recurrence with progression to lethal malignancy whilst preserving fertility, in the absence of clear standardized guidelines. 
  • 783
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma
This entry summarizes the recent advances in the process and prevention of carcinogenesis, the characteristic nature of tumors, and the treatment of post-refractory ovarian clear cell carcinomas (OCCCs), which are highly linked to oxidative stress. 
  • 782
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Transplacental Treatment of Fetal Tachyarrhythmia
Fetal arrhythmias are diagnosed in 1–3% of pregnancies. Despite this, they account for up to 20% of consultations related to fetal congenital heart disease in referral units. Among rhythm disorders, fetal tachyarrhythmias affect approximately 0.1% of pregnancies.
  • 780
  • 11 May 2023
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