Summary

Hypertension is a major public health concern worldwide because of its rising prevalence and concomitant risks of cardiovascular diseases. Coping strategies may encompass a full spectrum of clinical, epidemiological, experimental, and technological factors to inspire front-line practices and shape critical thinking. This entry collection aims to assemble entries of wealthy topics related to clinical, therapeutic, and population sciences of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases that could inform research scientists and healthcare professionals.

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Entries
Topic Review
Myocardial Perfusion and Flow Imaging with PET
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a non-invasive, functional imaging test utilizing ionizing radiation, the source of which is a radioactive isotope (radionuclide) administered to the patient. Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with radionuclide PET is one of the non-invasive imaging methods that can provide rapid and accurate information about the extent of ischemia.
  • 479
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Classification of Phenolic Antioxidants
Phenolic compounds are classified as primary antioxidants and originate from one of the main classes of secondary metabolites in plants. They have antioxidant properties through several mechanisms: (i) the ability to remove free radicals and inhibit the formation of reactive species during the normal course of metabolism; (ii) preventing the occurrence of damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; and (iii) preventing consequent cell damage and death. Thus, they are commonly associated with preventing the development of cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and cancer.
  • 456
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Dysfunction and Arterial Stiffness under Cardiovascular Risk
Pathophysiological conditions such as endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness, characterized by low nitric oxide bioavailability, deficient endothelium-dependent vasodilation and heart effort, predispose individuals to atherosclerotic lesions and cardiac events. Nitrate (NO3−), L-arginine, L-citrulline and potassium (K+) can mitigate arterial dysfunction and stiffness by intensifying NO bioavailability. Dietary compounds such as L-arginine, L-citrulline, NO3− and K+ exert vasoactive effects as demonstrated in clinical interventions by noninvasive flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and pulse-wave velocity (PWV) prognostic techniques.
  • 398
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic metabolic disorder and the primary cause of cardiovascular diseases, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Initiated by endothelial cell stimulation, AS is characterized by arterial inflammation, lipid deposition, foam cell formation, and plaque development. Certain nutrients such as carotenoids, polyphenols, and vitamins can prevent the atherosclerotic process by modulating inflammation and metabolic disorders through the regulation of gene acetylation states, mediated with histone deacetylases (HDACs).
  • 403
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Comorbidities in COPD
Oxidative stress driven by several environmental and local airway factors associated with chronic obstructive bronchiolitis, a hallmark feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), plays a crucial role in the disease pathomechanisms. Unbalance between oxidants and antioxidant defense mechanisms amplifies the local inflammatory processes, has systemic effects, contributes to developing COPD–related comorbidities, and worsens cardiovascular health. COPD often coexists with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). CVDs are not only the most common comorbidities perceived in COP, but also account for an increased risk of death in COPD patients.
  • 384
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Symptoms of Valproate-Induced Metabolic Syndrome
Valproic acid (VPA) and its salts (sodium calcium magnesium and orotic) are psychotropic drugs that are widely used in neurology and psychiatry. The long-term use of VPA increases the risk of developing adverse drug reactions (ADRs), among which metabolic syndrome (MetS) plays a special role. MetS belongs to a cluster of metabolic conditions such as abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood glucose, high serum triglycerides, and low serum high-density lipoprotein. Valproate-induced MetS (VPA-MetS) is a common ADR that needs an updated multidisciplinary approach to its prevention and diagnosis.
  • 474
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
High-Density Lipoproteins-Based Nanomedicine in Cardiovascular Disease
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are complex endogenous nanoparticles involved in important functions such as reverse cholesterol transport and immunomodulatory activities, ensuring metabolic homeostasis and vascular health. The ability of HDL to interact with a plethora of immune cells and structural cells places it in the centre of numerous disease pathophysiologies. With a better understanding of the properties of synthetic and reconstituted HDL formulations and an increase in preclinical research, several HDL based nanoformulations have been tested in clinical trials.
  • 319
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Autonomic Nervous System Role in Coumel’s Triangle
Arrhythmogenic substrate, modulating factors, and triggering factors (the so-called Coumel’s triangle concept) play a primary role in atrial fibrillation (AF) pathophysiology. Several years have elapsed since the concept of the relevance of autonomic nervous system (ANS) influences on atrial cells’ electrophysiological characteristics was advanced.
  • 366
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Osteopontin in Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a pathological condition with multifactorial etiology, which is characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Accumulating clinical evidence suggests that circulating osteopontin may serve as a biomarker of PH progression, severity, and prognosis, as well as an indicator of maladaptive right ventricular remodeling and dysfunction. Osteopontin modulates a plethora of cellular processes within the pulmonary vasculature, including cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, extracellular matrix synthesis, and inflammation via binding to various receptors such as integrins and CD44.
  • 398
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes
The benefits of exercise for cardiovascular and general health are many. However, sudden cardiac death (SCD) may occur in apparently healthy athletes who perform at the highest levels. A diverse spectrum of diseases is implicated in SCD in athletes, and while atherosclerotic coronary artery disease predominates in individuals of >35 years of age, primary cardiomyopathies and ion channelopathies are prevalent in young individuals. Prevention of SCD in athletes relies on the implementation of health policies aimed at the early identification of arrhythmogenic diseases (such as cardiac screening) and successful resuscitation (such as widespread utilization of automatic external defibrillators and training members of the public on cardiopulmonary resuscitation). 
  • 282
  • 17 May 2023
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