Summary

Hypertension is a major public health concern worldwide because of its rising prevalence and concomitant risks of cardiovascular diseases. Coping strategies may encompass a full spectrum of clinical, epidemiological, experimental, and technological factors to inspire front-line practices and shape critical thinking. This entry collection aims to assemble entries of wealthy topics related to clinical, therapeutic, and population sciences of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases that could inform research scientists and healthcare professionals.

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Entries
Topic Review
ADAMTS Proteins and Vascular Remodeling in Aortic Aneurysms
Extracellular matrix (ECM) undergoes remodeling processes to regulate vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells’ proliferation, differentiation, and adhesion. Abnormalities affecting the ECM can lead to alteration in cellular behavior and from this, this can conduce to the development of pathologies. Metalloproteases play a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of ECM by mediating the cleavage of different ECM components. There are different types of metalloproteases: matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs), and ADAMs with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs). ADAMTSs have been found to participate in cardiovascular physiology and diseases and specifically in aortic aneurysms. This entry aims to decipher the potential role of ADAMTS proteins in the physiopathologic development of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms (TAA) and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA).
  • 593
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cyclic Nucleotides Regulate Vascular Tone
Several mediators and drugs regulate blood flow and blood pressure. The cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are the key messengers mediating vasodilation under physiological conditions and are therefore involved in the physiological regulation of vascular tone. Their function is due to the existence of several mechanisms that include the reduction of [Ca2+]i and a decrease in the sensitivity of the contractile machinery; both mechanisms may occur together and decrease MLC phosphorylation. On the other hand, these mechanisms are regulated by several cellular effectors, including ion channels that regulate the membrane potential and Ca2+ influx. All these mechanisms promote vessel relaxation by reducing vascular contractility and tone. 
  • 502
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Physical Activity for the Elderly Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention
Cardiovascular disease prevention in the general population, and especially in older adults, starts from lifestyle modification. To prevent cardiovascular disease not just in elderly patients, but in all age groups, it is recommended to avoid a sedentary lifestyle and to exercise within the limits of individual tolerance. It is common knowledge that physical exercise has a positive impact on improving health and quality of life. In the elderly, regular exercise can exert an important contribution in reducing falls, maintaining good physical function and maintaining a good quality of life.
  • 679
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Hsp90 in Cardiac Diseases
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that interacts with up to 10% of the proteome. The extensive involvement in protein folding and regulation of protein stability within cells makes Hsp90 an attractive therapeutic target to correct multiple dysfunctions in the heart.
  • 825
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Proteomic Analysis of tPVAT during Ang II Infusion
In this study, we provided the most comprehensive proteome profile of mice tPVAT and some novel insights into Ang II-mediated tPVAT dysfunction. We identified some novel proteins, potentially associated with Ang II infusion, such as acyl-CoA carboxylase α , very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSVL), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), perilipin, RAS protein-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2 (RasGRF2), and hypoxia inducible factor 1 α (HIF-1 α ). Importantly, the key pathways were involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, FABP3-PPAR α / γ , RasGRF2-ERK-HIF-1 α , RasGRF2-PKC-HIF-1 α , and STAT3-HIF-1 α axis.
  • 378
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
RAASi Therapy
RAASi therapy (ACEi, ARB, MRA, and ARNi therapy) is the cornerstone therapy for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Personalized Cell Therapy for PAD
Stem/progenitor cell transplantation is a potential novel therapeutic strategy to induce angiogenesis in ischemic tissue, which can prevent major amputation in patients with advanced peripheral artery disease (PAD). Some studies have indicated that the response to stem cell therapy varies among patients, even in those harboring limited risk factors.
  • 507
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Viral Myocarditis - From Pathophysiology to Treatment
The pathophysiology of viral myocarditis and its sequelae leading to severe heart failure with a poor prognosis is not fully understood and represents a significant public health issue globally. Most likely, at a certain point, besides viral persistence, several etiological types merge into a common pathogenic autoimmune process leading to chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling, ultimately resulting in the clinical phenotype of dilated cardiomyopathy. 
  • 493
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sodium
Sodium overload is common in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality that is traditionally considered a result of extracellular volume expansion.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Failure Analysis of TEVG’s I
Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts (TEVGs) are a promising alternative to treat vascular diseases. However, the interactions between the material and the biological and hemodynamic environment are still to be understood and optimization of the rational design of vascular grafts is an open challenge.  Considering the general stages of integration of vascular grafts, this review aims to analyze the key points leading either to regeneration or failure of vascular grafts related to the acute inflammatory responses. 
  • 366
  • 24 Nov 2021
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