Summary

Hypertension is a major public health concern worldwide because of its rising prevalence and concomitant risks of cardiovascular diseases. Coping strategies may encompass a full spectrum of clinical, epidemiological, experimental, and technological factors to inspire front-line practices and shape critical thinking. This entry collection aims to assemble entries of wealthy topics related to clinical, therapeutic, and population sciences of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases that could inform research scientists and healthcare professionals.

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Entries
Topic Review
Monocytes in Chronic Heart Failure
A long-term condition known as chronic heart failure (CHF) is an ongoing difficulty of the heart in pumping blood enriched in oxygen and required nutrients around the body’s tissues. CHF pathogenesis is associated with various causes, and inflammation is one of the most important factors promoting the condition. In addition, monocytes, a group of cells present in the blood and infiltrating tissues, are known to participate in both pro- and anti-inflammatory processes and thus affect myocardial remodeling over time.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Bone Health in Patients with Dyslipidemias
Despite the high heterogeneity and the variable quality of evidence, dyslipidemia, mainly high TC and LDL-C and, to a lesser extent, TG concentrations, seems to be associated with low bone mass and increased fracture risk. This detrimental effect may be mediated directly through the increased oxidative stress and systemic inflammation that dyslipidemia is associated with, leading to increased osteoclastic activity and reduced bone formation, or through the atherosclerotic process, which affects bone’s vascularization. Other mechanisms, such as low estrogen, vitamin D and K status, and increased concentrations of PTH, homocysteine, and lipid oxidation products, may also contribute to this interplay. Regarding the effect of lipid-lowering therapy on bone metabolism, statins may slightly increase BMD, with a tendency to reduce fracture risk as shown in case-control and cohort studies, although available RCTs have not shown any effect of statins on fracture risk. This is also the case for omega-3 FA, whereas inconsistent or insufficient evidence exists for other commonly used lipid-lowering medications, such as ezetimibe, fibrates, and niacin. There is an exigent need for prospective, well-designed studies in males and females to elaborate on the putative association between lipids and bone strength.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
PET-Based Imaging in Atherosclerosis
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) represents a method of detecting and characterizing arterial wall inflammation, with potential applications in the early assessment of vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. By portraying early-stage molecular changes, FDG-PET findings have previously been shown to correlate with atherosclerosis progression. In addition, recent studies have suggested that microcalcification revealed by 18F-sodium fluoride (NaF) may be more sensitive at detecting atherogenic changes compared to FDG-PET.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Potential of Mitochondrial Antioxidants in Treating Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy hypertensive disorder that leads to fetal growth restriction, morbidity, and mortality of both the mother and fetus. Oxidative stress has been identified as one of the crucial players in pathogenesis of PE. While antioxidants have shown therapeutic benefit in preclinical models of PE, the clinical trials evaluating antioxidants (vitamin E and vitamin C) were found to be disappointing. Although the idea behind contribution of mitochondrial oxidative stress in PE is not new, recent years have seen an enormous interest in exploring mitochondrial oxidative stress as an important pathological mediator in PE. 
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Inflammatory Cells in Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive disease that involves damage to the intima, inflammatory cell recruitment and the accumulation of lipids followed by calcification and plaque rupture. Inflammation is considered a key mediator of many events during the development and progression of the disease. Various types of inflammatory cells are reported to be involved in atherosclerosis.
  • 877
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Beta-Amyloid Instigates Dysfunction of Mitochondria in Cardiac Cells
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) includes the formation of extracellular deposits comprising aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) fibers associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial abnormalities, and neuronal loss. There is an associative link between AD and cardiac diseases; however, the mechanisms underlying the potential role of AD, particularly Aβ in cardiac cells, remain unknown. Here, we investigated the role of mitochondria in mediating the effects of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 in cultured cardiomyocytes and primary coronary endothelial cells. Our results demonstrated that Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 are differently accumulated in cardiomyocytes and coronary endothelial cells. Aβ1-42 had more adverse effects than Aβ1-40 on cell viability and mitochondrial function in both types of cells. Mitochondrial and cellular ROS were significantly increased, whereas mitochondrial membrane potential and calcium retention capacity decreased in both types of cells in response to Aβ1-42. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Aβ was associated with apoptosis of the cells. The effects of Aβ1-42 on mitochondria and cell death were more evident in coronary endothelial cells. In addition, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 significantly increased Ca2+ -induced swelling in mitochondria isolated from the intact rat hearts. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the toxic effects of Aβ on cell survival and mitochondria function in cardiac cells. 
  • 873
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Phaseolus vulgaris L. prevent Cardiovascular Diseases
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is known as a “new world crop”; it originated 7000 years ago in two different parts of the North and South American continents. Common beans have been highlighted as an almost perfect food due to their high content of protein, fiber, prebiotics, vitamins, and chemically diverse micronutrient composition. They have been shown to protect against oxidative stress, CVD, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and many types of cancer. Many compounds have been identified in P. vulgaris, such as phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid), flavonoids (kaempferol, pelargonidin, cyanidin, delphinidin), sugars, fatty acids, and tocopherols, among others.
  • 983
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Diseases
Vitamin D represents a group of secosteroids involved in the calcium and phosphate metabolism. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxylcalciferol, exerts its biological mechanisms via the VDR which acts as a regulator of several target genes.
  • 946
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Trans-Endothelial Fatty Acid Transport and Cardiac Metabolism/Contractile
The heart is a metabolic omnivore that combusts a considerable amount of energy substrates, mainly long-chain fatty acids (FAs) and others such as glucose, lactate, ketone bodies, and amino acids. There is emerging evidence that muscle-type continuous capillaries comprise the rate-limiting barrier that regulates FA uptake into cardiomyocytes. The transport of FAs across the capillary endothelium is composed of three major steps—the lipolysis of triglyceride on the luminal side of the endothelium, FA uptake by the plasma membrane, and intracellular FA transport by cytosolic proteins. In the heart, impaired trans-endothelial FA (TEFA) transport causes reduced FA uptake, with a compensatory increase in glucose use. In most cases, mice with reduced FA uptake exhibit preserved cardiac function under unstressed conditions. When the workload is increased, however, the total energy supply relative to its demand (estimated with pool size in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle) is significantly diminished, resulting in contractile dysfunction. The supplementation of alternative fuels, such as medium-chain FAs and ketone bodies, at least partially restores contractile dysfunction, indicating that energy insufficiency due to reduced FA supply is the predominant cause of cardiac dysfunction. 
  • 923
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sex Hormone-Specific Neuroanatomy of Takotsubo Syndrome
TTS(Takotsubo syndrome) was first officially reported in 1991 as a reversible cardiomyopathy that appeared to be precipitated by acute emotional stress. The majority of TTS patients were postmenopausal females and usually developed symptoms similar to those of an acute coronary syndrome. A strong emotional stressor was thought to cause a transient abnormality of LV wall motion in the apical and mid-ventricular portion without obstructive coronary artery disease with ECG changes. TTS was initially called “Takotsubo cardiomyopathy”. Although most TTS cases were described as having been caused by negative emotions, there are cases in which positive emotions, such as joy, triggered TTS. In addition, 10% of TTS patients are male.
  • 850
  • 21 Jan 2022
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