Summary

Gastrointestinal disease is a very common and frequently occurring disease, with a wide range of types and a total incidence of about 20% of the population. The cause of gastrointestinal disease is the imbalance between the protective mechanism and the injury mechanism of the human body. While traditional medicine kills harmful bacteria in the stomach, it also kills the beneficial bacteria necessary for the stomach. Although the symptoms are alleviated and inflammation is eliminated, the reduction of beneficial bacteria reduces the gastrointestinal immunity. Once the drug is stopped, it is easy to re-infect. There are many reasons for stomach problems, including genetics, environment, diet, drugs, bacterial infections, etc., as well as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. This collection of entries aims to collect various items related to the topic of gastrointestinal diseases, such as clinical care, case cases, disease research, etc., to help people increase their knowledge and understanding of this common disease

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Entries
Topic Review
Omics Technologies and Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. Early detection of CRC is crucial, as it greatly improves the survival of patients. Currently, the CRC screening programs consist of a stool test to detect the presence of blood in stool and a subsequent colonoscopy to confirm the diagnosis. However, CRC screening can be further improved with the use of new biomarkers. Omics technologies, that is, techniques that generate a vast amount of data, can help to establish these markers. 
  • 809
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
NAFLD in Lean and Non-Obese Individuals
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which approximately affects a quarter of the world’s population, has become a major public health concern. Although usually associated with excess body weight, it may also affect normal-weight individuals, a condition termed as lean/non-obese NAFLD. The prevalence of lean/non-obese NAFLD is around 20% within the NAFLD population, and 5% within the general population. Current treatment of lean NAFLD is aimed at improving overall fitness and decreasing visceral adiposity, with weight loss strategies being the cornerstone of treatment.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Phytogenic Substances for Gut Health
The gut microbiota has been designated as a hidden metabolic ‘organ’ because of its enormous impact on host metabolism, physiology, nutrition, and immune function. The connection between the intestinal microbiota and their respective host animals is dynamic and, in general, mutually beneficial. This complicated interaction is seen as a determinant of health and disease; thus, intestinal dysbiosis is linked with several metabolic diseases. Therefore, tractable strategies targeting the regulation of intestinal microbiota can control several diseases that are closely related to inflammatory and metabolic disorders. As a result, animal health and performance are improved. One of these strategies is related to dietary supplementation with prebiotics, probiotics, and phytogenic substances. These supplements exert their effects indirectly through manipulation of gut microbiota quality and improvement in intestinal epithelial barrier. 
  • 1.8K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Experimental Pharmacotherapy for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a range of chronic conditions characterized by excessive hepatic lipid accumulation, defined by the presence of steatosis in >5% of hepatocytes, in the absence of significant alcohol consumption or other causes of liver injury.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Pathogenesis and Oxidative Stress
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a challenging disease caused by multiple factors, which may partly explain why it still remains an orphan of adequate therapies. It highlights the interaction between oxidative stress (OS) and disturbed lipid metabolism. Several reactive oxygen species generators, including those produced in the gastrointestinal tract, contribute to the lipotoxic hepatic (and extrahepatic) damage by fatty acids and a great variety of their biologically active metabolites in a “multiple parallel-hit model”. This leads to inflammation and fibrogenesis and contributes to NAFLD progression. The alterations of the oxidant/antioxidant balance affect also metabolism-related organelles, leading to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This OS-induced damage is at least partially counteracted by the physiological antioxidant response. Therefore, modulation of this defense system emerges as an interesting target to prevent NAFLD development and progression. For instance, probiotics, prebiotics, diet, and fecal microbiota transplantation represent new therapeutic approaches targeting the gut microbiota dysbiosis. The OS and its counter-regulation are under the influence of individual genetic and epigenetic factors as well.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Biliary Atresia
The term biliary atresia has substituted the original term of “extrahepatic biliary atresia”, which has been in use for several generations. The concept was related to the often-identified absence of gallbladder with an obliterated cord at the site the extrahepatic biliary system. It is now known that biliary atresia is a necro-inflammatory and fibro-obliterative process of both intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tract.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Advantages/Disadvantages/Limitations of Chemotaxis Assays for Campylobacter spp.
Chemotaxis directed motility of intestinal bacteria such as Campylobacter jejuni could enable the cells to move toward favourable conditions and away from hazardous ones. Reproducible qualitative and quantitative assessment of bacterial chemotactic motility, particularly in response to chemorepellent effectors, is experimentally challenging. Several established chemotaxis assays currently used to investigate Campylobacter jejuni chemotaxis are compared, with the aim of improving the correlation between different studies and establishing the best practices.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Overexpressed Pirin in Human Colorectal Tumors
Pirin, an evolutionary conserved non-heme Fe-containing family member of the cupin superfamily of proteins, is regulated by Nrf2 in human and mouse cells and in the mouse colon in vivo. Moreover, pirin is overexpressed in human colorectal tumours where pirin expression correlates with Nrf2 activation, suggesting Nrf2 dependence. The depletion of pirin in the human colorectal cancer cell line DLD1 does not affect cell viability or migration. Understanding the functional consequences of the observed pirin upregulation in colorectal cancer requires further investigation.
  • 942
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Capsule Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Capsule endoscopy (CE) has proven to be a valuable diagnostic modality for small bowel diseases over the past 20 years, particularly Crohn’s disease (CD), which can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. CE is not only used for the diagnosis of patients with suspected small bowel CD, but can also be used to assess disease activity, treat-to-target, and postoperative recurrence in patients with established small bowel CD. As CE can detect even mildly non-specific small bowel lesions, a high diagnostic yield is not necessarily indicative of high diagnostic accuracy. The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is relatively high but rather stable in Western countries; however, the incidence and prevalence of IBD are rapidly increasing in Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America, and this shift in the epidemiology of IBD indicates that it has become a global disease, whose increasing incidence has been burdening health services in recent years. Therefore, the use of CE for the diagnosis and management of IBD is becoming more frequent and its implementation is considered a priority in the field of IBD. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
CD26 Induces Colorectal Cancer Angiogenesis and Metastasis
CD26 has been reported as a marker for colorectal cancer stem cells endowed with tumor-initiating properties and capable of colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis. This entry demonstrated the functional roles of CD26 in inducing CRC migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis and identified the potential involvement of MMP1 and CAV1 in such process.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Feb 2022
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