Summary

Gastrointestinal disease is a very common and frequently occurring disease, with a wide range of types and a total incidence of about 20% of the population. The cause of gastrointestinal disease is the imbalance between the protective mechanism and the injury mechanism of the human body. While traditional medicine kills harmful bacteria in the stomach, it also kills the beneficial bacteria necessary for the stomach. Although the symptoms are alleviated and inflammation is eliminated, the reduction of beneficial bacteria reduces the gastrointestinal immunity. Once the drug is stopped, it is easy to re-infect. There are many reasons for stomach problems, including genetics, environment, diet, drugs, bacterial infections, etc., as well as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. This collection of entries aims to collect various items related to the topic of gastrointestinal diseases, such as clinical care, case cases, disease research, etc., to help people increase their knowledge and understanding of this common disease

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Entries
Topic Review
CT Imaging Findings of Gastric Volvulus
Gastric volvulus (GV) is a life-threatening emergency condition that prompts emergent surgical management. Although many cases of GV have been described in the literature, its pathophysiology is still poorly understood. Here, we provide imaging evidence supporting that the pathophysiology of many GVs is based on caudal re-descent of hiatal hernia into the abdominal cavity
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Role of Immune Cells in Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease with an underlying excessive immune response directed against resident microbiota and/or dietary antigens. The condition is diagnosed mostly between the ages of 20 to 40, however it can occur at every age. Characteristic of UC are alternating periods of clinical relapse and remission.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Isolated Lymphoid Follicles in Colitis and Colorectal Carcinogenesis
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue is one of the most diverse and complex immune compartments in the human body. The subepithelial compartment of the gut consists of immune cells of innate and adaptive immunity, non-hematopoietic mesenchymal cells, and stem cells of different origins, and is organized into secondary (and even tertiary) lymphoid organs, such as Peyer’s patches, cryptopatches, and isolated lymphoid follicles. The function of isolated lymphoid follicles is multifaceted; they play a role in the development and regeneration of the large intestine and the maintenance of (immune) homeostasis. Isolated lymphoid follicles are also extensively associated with the epithelium and its conventional and non-conventional immune cells; hence, they can also function as a starting point or maintainer of pathological processes such as inflammatory bowel diseases or colorectal carcinogenesis. These relationships can significantly affect both physiological and pathological processes of the intestines.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Gut dysbiosis by HFD: Effect on Distant Organs
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract protects the body from environmental challenges by blocking access to the host’s blood circulation for many pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, and parasites. This GI firewall comprises various structures and shielding mechanisms to fulfil its protective function, constituting an intestinal barrier (IB). The IB includes mucosal and submucosal layers, tight junctions (TJ), continuously renewing epithelium, and microbiota. The intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are a barrier between the immune system and GI lumen, maintaining a limited IB permeability. Nonetheless, the GI tract has an arduous task. The constantly changing environment requires the IB to continually respond to new challenges, yet maintain its integrity while protecting the host from pathogens. Failure of the IB leads to intestinal hyperpermeability (leaky gut), allowing pathogens and their metabolites to enter the bloodstream. The metabolites then can affect distant organs, such as brain and inner ear.
  • 875
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Gut Health of Poultry
“Gut health” refers to the physical state and physiological function of the gastrointestinal tract and in the livestock system; this topic is often focused on the complex interacting components of the intestinal system that influence animal growth performance and host-microbial homeostasis.
  • 2.8K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cross-Sectional Imaging Instead of Colonoscopy
Recently, cross-sectional imaging techniques have been increasingly shown as reliable tools for assessing Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) activity. While computed tomography (CT) is hampered by radiation risks, routine implementation of magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) for close monitoring is limited by its costs, low availability and long examination time. Novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based techniques, such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), can overcome some of these weaknesses and have been shown as valuable options for IBD monitoring. Bowel ultrasound (BUS) is a noninvasive, highly available, cheap, and well accepted procedure that has been demonstrated to be as accurate as CS and MRE for assessing and monitoring disease activity in IBD. Furthermore, as BUS can be quickly performed at the point-of-care, it allows for real-time clinical decision making.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancers
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is the landmark feature of DNA mismatch repair deficiency, which can be found in 15–20% of all colorectal cancers (CRC). 
  • 920
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Oral Bacterial Microbiota in Digestive Cancer Patients
Oral microbiota dysbiosis and specific bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis, appeared to be associated with colorectal cancers. 
  • 706
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer by Biomarkers
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious disease that affects millions of people throughout the world, despite considerable advances in therapy. The formation of colorectal adenomas and invasive adenocarcinomas is the consequence of a succession of genetic and epigenetic changes in the normal colonic epithelium. Genetic and epigenetic processes associated with the onset, development, and metastasis of sporadic CRC have been studied in depth, resulting in identifying biomarkers that might be used to predict behaviour and prognosis beyond staging and influence therapeutic options. A novel biomarker, or a group of biomarkers, must be discovered in order to build an accurate and clinically useful test that may be used as an alternative to conventional methods for the early detection of CRC and to identify prospective new therapeutic intervention targets. To minimise the mortality burden of colorectal cancer, new screening methods with higher accuracy and nano-based diagnostic precision are needed. 
  • 962
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Mucosal Mast Cells in Food Allergies
Mucosal mast cells (MMCs) localized in the intestinal mucosa play a key role in the development of IgE-mediated food allergies. Recent advances have revealed that MMCs are a distinctly different population from connective tissue mast cells localized in skin and other connective tissues. MMCs are inducible and transient cells that arise from bone marrow-derived mast cell progenitors, and their numbers increase rapidly during mucosal allergic inflammation. However, the mechanism of the dramatic expansion of MMCs and their cell functions are not well understood.
  • 793
  • 24 Jan 2022
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