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Topic Review
Types of Steel Liners
There are significant levels of concern about both the safety assessment and financial evaluation of the whole hydropower system, especially at early project stages. In addition, there is a variety of reliable and accurate methods for analysis, design, and optimization of steel pressure liners in hydropower plants. Several countries have developed specific regulations and codes for the design, installation, and safety evaluation of under-pressure piping, as well as estimates of the potential risks associated with failure. This article reviews the current methodologies and codes available for design and safety assessment of either unstiffened or stiffened pressure steel liners in hydropower plants.
  • 2.5K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Types of Solution Cocrystallization
Solution crystallization has been used in both batch and continuous modes for industrial crystallization for several decades. Solution cocrystallization is often used on a laboratory scale due to its familiarity, simple design, ease of operation, process monitoring, and control. Solvent selection and the mode of supersaturation generation are the two factors that are crucial at the early stages of solution crystallization. For cocrystallization, the solubility of coformers in a given solvent is key factor in solvent selection. Additionally, other operational parameters such as the crystallizer design, mode of agitation, cooling rate/antisolvent addition rate, seeding, or nucleation control can impact final crystal properties such as shape, size, and desired polymorphic.
  • 494
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Types of Soil Contaminants and Their Harmful Effects
Soil can be understood as a 3D structure that is interconnected with components of the environment, such as air and water. Therefore, if the soil is contaminated, the contamination can easily spread, leading to great risks to human life, ecosystems, water sources, and other environmental receptors. Additionally, the pollutants can be transmitted to the bodies of people who eat crops produced from the soil. The constant contact between dirt that is polluted and the air and water can be hazardous to the environment and human health. Trace elements can lead to digestive problems such as intense pains, diarrhea, vomiting, ulcers, skin problems, lung cancer, changes in genetic material, and other human illnesses.
  • 226
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Types of Snow
Types of snow can be designated by the shape of its flakes, description of how it is falling, and by how it collects on the ground. A blizzard and snow storm indicate heavy snowfalls over a large area, snow squalls give heavy snowfalls over narrow bands, while flurries are used for the lightest snowfall. Types which fall in the form of a ball, rather than a flake, are known as graupel, with sleet and snow grains as types of graupel. Once on the ground, snow can be categorized as powdery when fluffy, granular when it begins the cycle of melting and refreezing, and crud or eventually ice once it packs down into a dense drift after multiple melting and refreezing cycles. When powdering, snow drifts with the wind or ground blizzard, sometimes to the depth of several metres. After attaching to hillsides, blown snow can evolve into a snow slab, which is an avalanche hazard on steep slopes.
  • 2.9K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Types of Skin Wounds and Wound Healing
Chronic wounds encompass various types, each exhibiting distinct characteristics that are influenced by changes in the wound microenvironment. Parameters such as temperature, pH value, blood glucose concentration, and pressure undergo fluctuations depending on the type and condition of the wound. Hydrogels, composed of hydrophilic polymers, are promising materials for constructing multifunctional platforms. These hydrogels possess several advantageous properties, including a 3D network structure, high permeability to water and oxygen, and biocompatibility. 
  • 256
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Types of Short Text on Social Media
The rapid expansion of social media platforms has resulted in an unprecedented surge of short text content being generated on a daily basis. The different types of short text on social media is essential for developing effective summarization techniques that cater to the unique characteristics of each platform and user interaction.
  • 709
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Types of Senescent Cells in Cardiovascular Diseases
Senescent cell accumulation has been observed in age-associated diseases including cardiovascular diseases. Senescent cells lack proliferative capacity and secrete senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors that may cause or worsen many cardiovascular diseases. Therapies targeting senescent cells, especially senolytic drugs that selectively induce senescent cell removal, have been shown to delay, prevent, alleviate, or treat multiple age-associated diseases in preclinical models. 
  • 369
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Types of Scaffolds in Cartilage Regeneration
There are two main types of scaffolds: natural polymers and synthetic polymers. On the one hand, natural polymers are proteins (e.g., collagen, SF) and polysaccharides (e.g., Alg, CS, and HA derivatives). Natural polymers already have a long history of application in wound treatment. They are the closest substances to human tissue and show biocompatibility and biodegradability without toxic byproducts, and their technologies and properties have been widely investigated. Furthermore, in the form of hydrogels, they can retain a great amount of water. However, natural polymers are normally poor in mechanical strength. On the other hand, synthetic polymers have different properties. They allow the better control of formation, surface morphology, mechanical strength and physicochemical properties than natural polymers. Among them, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(urethanes) (PU) are the most popular candidates in osteochondral regeneration. The limitations of synthetic polymers are poor hydrophilicity, proinflammatory degradation byproducts, and unmatched degradation rates. It is noticeable that these two types of polymers are not independent.
  • 751
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Types of Retinal Cell Death in Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major complication of diabetes and a leading cause of blindness worldwide. DR was recently defined as a neurovascular disease associated with tissue-specific neurovascular impairment of the retina in patients with diabetes. Neurovascular cell death is the main cause of neurovascular impairment in DR.
  • 161
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Types of Pipeline Anomalies
Pipelines are considered the most efficient way to transport oil and gas resources. However, this advantage of pipelines may be lost if pipeline integrity is not ensured. Geometric deformations, metal losses, and crack-type anomalies caused by various reasons in the pipeline threaten the integrity of the pipeline. Therefore, it is important to examine the causes of occurrence, hazard potentials, and management methods of pipeline anomalies as part of pipeline integrity management. 
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Apr 2023
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