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Topic Review
U-Shaped Conveyor Assembly Line Balancing Problem
Conveyors are used when material is to be moved frequently between specific points. Line balancing involves allocating an equal amount of work to each workstation along the line. The fundamental line balancing problem is to assign a set of tasks to an ordered set of workstations, so that the precedence relationships are satisfied and some measure of performance is optimized.
  • 200
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
U-NII
The Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) radio band is part of the radio frequency spectrum used by IEEE 802.11a devices and by many wireless ISPs. It operates over four ranges: Wireless ISPs generally use 5.725–5.825 GHz. In the USA licensed amateur radio operators are authorized 5.650–5.925 GHz by Part 97.303 of the FCC rules. U-NII is an FCC regulatory domain for 5 GHz wireless devices. U-NII power limits are defined by the United States CFR Title 47 (Telecommunication), Part 15 - Radio Frequency Devices, Subpart E - Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure Devices, Paragraph 15.407 - General technical requirements. Regulatory use in individual countries may differ. The European HiperLAN standard operates in same frequency band as the U-NII.
  • 988
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
U-Net_dc
Mutated cells may constitute a source of cancer. As an effective approach to quantifying the extent of cancer, cell image segmentation is of particular importance for understanding the mechanism of the disease, observing the degree of cancer cell lesions, and improving the efficiency of treatment and the useful effect of drugs. However, traditional image segmentation models are not ideal solutions for cancer cell image segmentation due to the fact that cancer cells are highly dense and vary in shape and size. To tackle this problem, researchers propose a novel U-Net-based image segmentation model, named U-Net_dc, which expands twice the original U-Net encoder and decoder and, in addition, uses a skip connection operation between them, for better extraction of the image features.
  • 374
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
U-Boat Campaign (World War I)
The U-boat Campaign from 1914 to 1918 was the World War I naval campaign fought by German U-boats against the trade routes of the Allies. It took place largely in the seas around the British Isles and in the Mediterranean. The German Empire relied on imports for food and domestic food production (especially fertilizer) and the United Kingdom relied heavily on imports to feed its population, and both required raw materials to supply their war industry; the powers aimed, therefore, to blockade one another. The British had the Royal Navy which was superior in numbers and could operate on most of the world's oceans because of the British Empire, whereas the Imperial German Navy surface fleet was mainly restricted to the German Bight, and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare to operate elsewhere. In the course of events in the Atlantic alone, German U-boats sank almost 5,000 ships with nearly 13 million gross register tonnage, losing 178 boats and about 5,000 men in combat. Other naval theatres saw U-boats operating in both the Far East and South East Asia, the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean and North Seas.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
U-Boat Campaign
The U-boat Campaign from 1914 to 1918 was the World War I naval campaign fought by German U-boats against the trade routes of the Allies. It took place largely in the seas around the British Isles and in the Mediterranean. The German Empire relied on imports for food and domestic food production (especially fertilizer) and the United Kingdom relied heavily on imports to feed its population, and both required raw materials to supply their war industry; the powers aimed, therefore, to blockade one another. The British had the Royal Navy which was superior in numbers and could operate on most of the world's oceans because of the British Empire, whereas the Imperial German Navy surface fleet was mainly restricted to the German Bight, and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare to operate elsewhere. In the course of events in the Atlantic alone, German U-boats sank almost 5,000 ships with nearly 13 million gross register tonnage, losing 178 boats and about 5,000 men in combat. Other naval theatres saw U-boats operating in both the Far East and South East Asia, the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean and North Seas.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis
Fibrosis is a pathological process in which parenchymal cells are necrotic and excess extracellular matrix (ECM) is accumulated due to dysregulation of tissue injury repair. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 43 amino acid multifunctional polypeptide that is involved in wound healing. Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is the main enzyme that hydrolyzes Tβ4 to produce its derivative N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) which is found to play a role in the regulation of fibrosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that the Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP axis widely exists in various tissues and organs including the liver, kidney, heart, and lung, and participates in the process of fibrogenesis. The Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP axis exerts protective effects against organ fibrosis. It is promising that appropriate dosing regimens that rely on this axis could serve as a new therapeutic strategy for alleviating organ fibrosis in the early and late stages.
  • 318
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tyrp1 Mutant Variants and OCA3
Oculocutaneous albinism type 3 (OCA3) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the TYRP1 gene. Tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1) is involved in eumelanin synthesis, catalyzing the oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase (DHICA) to 5,6-indolequinone-2-carboxylic acid (IQCA).
  • 596
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) is an important repair enzyme that removes various covalent adducts from the 3′ end of DNA. Particularly, covalent complexes of topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) with DNA stabilized by DNA damage or by various chemical agents are an examples of such adducts. 
  • 498
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Tyrosinemia
Tyrosinemia is a genetic disorder characterized by disruptions in the multistep process that breaks down the amino acid tyrosine, a building block of most proteins. If untreated, tyrosine and its byproducts build up in tissues and organs, which can lead to serious health problems.    
  • 471
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Tyrosine Kinase Syk
Platelet-rich thrombi formed in vivo in mice have been shown to be composed of a core and shell region. Different pathways regulate the formation and stability of these two regions and understanding them may result in new ways to treat arterial thrombosis. The distinguishing feature between these two regions is the absence of fibrin in the shell, which indicates that in-vitro flow-based assays over thrombogenic surfaces, in the absence of coagulation, can be used to resemble this region.  Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) is a platelet immunoglobulin receptor which is known as a receptor for collagen and has been shown to contribute to the stability of platelet aggregates on collagen at high shear. In recent years GPVI has also been shown to be a receptor for fibrin and fibrinogen. Since the activation of GPVI by fibrinogen is also dependent on integrin αIIbβ3, with the interplay of the two receptors driving platelet adhesion and activation, blocking signalling pathways common to both receptors may have a greater antithrombotic effect than blocking GPVI alone. Therefore in this study, we have investigated the contribution of Syk tyrosine kinase, which plays a critical role in signalling by integrin αIIbβ3 and GPVI, in the stability of platelet aggregates formed on collagen or atherosclerotic plaque homogenate at arterial shear (1000 s-1). The results show that Syk regulates thrombus stability in the absence of fibrin. The fact that inhibitors of Syk are currently used for the treatment of patients with refractory immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) without increasing the risk of bleeding, indicate that Syk inhibitors may represent a new class of antiplatelet agent with reduced bleeding risk compared to current drugs.
  • 514
  • 17 Jan 2022
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