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Topic Review
Use of Biofuels and (Bio)lubricants in Compression-Ignition Engines
The environmental sustainability of agricultural and industrial vehicles, as well as of the transportation sector, represents one of the most critical challenges to the sustainable development of a nation. In recent decades, compression-ignition engines have been widely used in on-road and off-road vehicles due to their better fuel economy, autonomy, compactness, and mechanical performance (spec. the high torque values). Due to the consistent environmental impact of fossil fuels, scientists are searching for alternative energy sources while preserving the beneficial features of diesel engines. The utilization of blends of diesel fuel, biodiesel, and bioethanol fuel (referred to as “ternary blends”) is among the most promising solutions for replacing fossil fuels in the near term, allowing, at the same time, us to continue using existing vehicles until new technologies are developed, consolidated and adapted to the agricultural and industrial sector. These ternary blends can lower exhaust emissions without creating major problems for existing fuel-feeding systems, typically designed for low-viscosity fossil fuels. One of the concerns in using liquid biofuels, specifically biodiesel, is the high chemical affinity with conventional and bio-based lubricants, so the main parameters of lubricants can vary significantly after a long operation of the engine. The technical challenges and the main research pathways are presented herein.
  • 262
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Use of Biochar Particles for Asphalts
Char/biochar particles could be considered as a new kind of sustainable particle created from their “waste” feedstocks. Specifically, when also considering the circular principles, the conversion of polymer waste, food waste, and biomasses, through thermal treatment at high temperatures, gives an appropriate second life for these waste materials. The char/biochar particles, being particles mainly composed of carbon atoms and having a large surface, are very useful to formulate composites with improved mechanical resistance, i.e., elastic modulus and tensile strength, as well as improved oxidative and photooxidative resistance, while also considering the particles’ radicals scavenging abilities in comparison to the properties of neat matrices. 
  • 454
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Use of Bio-Inspired Design Tools by Industry Professionals
Bio-inspired design (BID) has the potential to evolve the way engineers and designers solve problems. Several tools have been developed to assist one or multiple phases of the BID process. These tools, typically studied individually and through the performance of college students, have yielded interesting results for increasing the novelty of solutions. Human-centered design (HCD) and “design thinking” have become standard practice in consumer-product design and development. Now, it is common for industrial designers, engineers, and product managers to be conversant in the process and methodologies of HCD.
  • 684
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Use of Autonomous Vehicles in Nonintrusive Object Inspection
Traditional nonintrusive object inspection methods are complex or extremely expensive to apply in certain cases, such as inspection of enormous objects, underwater or maritime inspection, an unobtrusive inspection of a crowded place, etc. With the latest advances in robotics, autonomous self-driving vehicles could be applied for this task.
  • 449
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Use of Aptamers for Targeted Theranostic in Cancer
Aptamers are short, single-stranded oligonucleotides synthesized in vitro from a randomized oligonucleotide library against a specific target. These molecules are capable of binding to a wide range of biological targets with high specificity and affinity. They present great advantages over antibodies with potential applications in research, diagnosis, and therapeutics. Specifically for tumors with late-stage identification and poor prognosis, like pancreatic cancer, the study of novel aptamers holds tremendous potential for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Along with cancer treatment, aptamers have also shown high potential in regulating the immune response and modulating several critical steps of signaling cascades, such as in immune checkpoints.
  • 166
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Use of AI to Monitor Antiplatelet Therapy
Platelets play a critical role in blood clotting and the development of arterial blockages. Antiplatelet therapy is vital for preventing recurring events in conditions like coronary artery disease and strokes. However, there is a lack of comprehensive guidelines for using antiplatelet agents in elective neurosurgery. Continuing therapy during surgery poses a bleeding risk, while discontinuing it before surgery increases the risk of thrombosis. Discontinuation is recommended in neurosurgical settings but carries an elevated risk of ischemic events. Conversely, maintaining antithrombotic therapy may increase bleeding and the need for transfusions, leading to a poor prognosis. Artificial intelligence (AI) holds promise in making difficult decisions regarding antiplatelet therapy. 
  • 249
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Use of Agri-Food Waste in Aquaculture
The agri-food industry generates a large amount of waste every year, which is both an environmental and economic problem, especially for the countries in charge of its disposal. It has been highlighted that plant waste may have not only positive effects on growth performance, but also beneficial effects on modulation of the innate immune system and antioxidant defenses.
  • 551
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Use of 3D Spheroid Models in Different Cancers
Advanced tissue engineering processes and regenerative medicine provide modern strategies for fabricating three-dimensional (3D) spheroids. Several different 3D cancer models are being developed to study a variety of cancers. Three-dimensional spheroids can correctly replicate some features of solid tumors (such as the secretion of soluble mediators, drug resistance mechanisms, gene expression patterns and physiological responses) better than 2D cell cultures or animal models. Tumor spheroids are also helpful for precisely reproducing the three-dimensional organization and microenvironmental factors of tumors. Because of these unique properties, the potential of 3D cell aggregates has been emphasized, and they have been utilized in in vitro models for the detection of novel anticancer drugs. 
  • 274
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Use of 3D Reconstruction in Laparoscopic Microwave Ablation
Laparoscopic ablation of hepatic tumors is a demanding procedure. In the preoperative period, 3D reconstruction of radiological imaging associated with virtual reality permits to evaluate of exactly the position of the lesions. During the operation, augmented reality and intraoperative ultrasound examination are useful tools to perform a safe ablation of the lesion. ICG fluorescence imaging can be used to identify new subglissonian nodules, to guide with more precision microwave antenna e to verify the effect of associated procedures as well as the intra-hepatic vascular occlusion.
  • 288
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Use Case Points
Use Case Points (UCP) is a software estimation technique used to forecast the software size for software development projects. UCP is used when the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and Rational Unified Process (RUP) methodologies are being used for the software design and development. The concept of UCP is based on the requirements for the system being written using use cases, which is part of the UML set of modeling techniques. The software size (UCP) is calculated based on elements of the system use cases with factoring to account for technical and environmental considerations. The UCP for a project can then be used to calculate the estimated effort for a project.
  • 524
  • 18 Oct 2022
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