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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Venous Ulcers
Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are the most severe complication caused by the progression of chronic venous insufficiency. They account for approximately 70–90% of all chronic leg ulcers (CLUs). A total of 1% of the Western population will suffer at some time in their lives from a VLU. Furthermore, most CLUs are VLUs, defined as chronic leg wounds that show no tendency to heal after three months of appropriate treatment or are still not fully healed at 12 months. The essential feature of VLUs is their recurrence.
  • 333
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Venous Thromboembolisms (VTEs) in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA)
The entry provides a comprehensive overview of Venous Thromboembolisms (VTEs) in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA), a significant orthopedic procedure. It begins by highlighting the persistent threat of VTEs despite improvements in surgical techniques and preventive measures. The prevalence and incidence of VTEs are discussed, showcasing a notable decrease over the years. The clinical significance of VTEs, including their impact on patient outcomes and healthcare costs, is emphasized, underscoring the need for effective management strategies. Various risk factors contributing to VTE development post-TKA are explored, including demographic factors, cardiopulmonary status, preoperative mobilization status, and malignancy. The section on prevention outlines existing guidelines and challenges, with a focus on the efficacy and safety of aspirin as a prophylactic agent. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to address VTEs in TKA, encompassing evidence-based guidelines, personalized patient care, and strategies to enhance adherence to preventive measures.
  • 305
  • 30 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Venous Thromboembolism Risk Assessment in Ambulatory Cancer Patients
Cancer patients are at greater risk of developing venous thromboembolism compared to the general population, which can lead to a decreased quality of life, a worsened prognosis, and increased treatment costs. Many cancer patients will experience venous thromboembolism (VTE) at some stage, with the highest rate in the initial period following diagnosis. Novel cancer therapies may further enhance the risk. VTE in a cancer setting is associated with poor prognostic, a decreased quality of life, and high healthcare costs.
  • 213
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Venous Thromboembolism Prevention in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is associated with an increased risk of thrombotic complications, which remains substantial despite the implementation of thromboprophylaxis. The procoagulant state that characterizes the disease is multifactorial, and a greater understanding of the underlying pathophysiology is required to inform appropriate thrombosis prevention. There is a shift towards using direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in this setting; head-to-head comparisons in the context of controlled clinical trials between class agents are still missing. MM-specific venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk assessment scores have been developed to optimize management and minimize the associated mortality/morbidity. Their clinical utility remains to be evaluated. 
  • 570
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Venous Minus Arterial Carbon Dioxide Gradients in Monitoring
According to Fick’s principle, the total uptake of (or release of) a substance by tissues is the product of blood flow and the difference between the arterial and the venous concentration of the substance. Therefore, the mixed or central venous minus arterial CO2 content difference depends on cardiac output (CO). Assuming a linear relationship between CO2 content and partial pressure, central or mixed venous minus arterial PCO2 differences (Pcv-aCO2 and Pmv-aCO2) are directly related to CO. Nevertheless, this relationship is affected by alterations in the CO2Hb dissociation curve induced by metabolic acidosis, hemodilution, the Haldane effect, and changes in CO2 production (VCO2). In addition, Pcv-aCO2 and Pmv-aCO2 are not interchangeable. Despite these confounders, CO is a main determinant of Pcv-aCO2. Since in a study performed in septic shock patients, Pmv-aCO2 was correlated with changes in sublingual microcirculation but not with those in CO, it has been proposed as a monitor for microcirculation. The respiratory quotient (RQ)—RQ = VCO2/O2 consumption—sharply increases in anaerobic situations induced by exercise or critical reductions in O2 transport. This results from anaerobic VCO2 secondary to bicarbonate buffering of anaerobically generated protons. The measurement of RQ requires expired gas analysis by a metabolic cart, which is not usually available. Thus, some studies have suggested that the ratio of Pcv-aCO2 to arterial minus central venous O2 content (Pcv-aCO2/Ca-cvO2) might be a surrogate for RQ and tissue oxygenation. 
  • 261
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Venom-Derived Peptides
Peptides are potential therapeutic alternatives against global diseases, such as antimicrobial-resistant infections and cancer. Venoms are a rich source of bioactive peptides that have evolved over time to act on specific targets of the prey. Peptides are one of the main components responsible for the biological activity and toxicity of venoms. South American organisms such as scorpions, snakes, and spiders are important producers of a myriad of peptides with different biological activities.
  • 529
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Venom Insulin Derived from Cone Snails
Cone snails possess a diverse array of novel peptide toxins, which selectively target ion channels and receptors in the nervous and cardiovascular systems. These numerous novel peptide toxins are a valuable resource for future marine drug development. 
  • 142
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Venom Constituents of Rattlesnake Venoms
Venom components are invaluable in biomedical research owing to their specificity and potency. Many of these components exist in two genera of rattlesnakes, Crotalus and Sistrurus, with high toxicity and proteolytic activity variation. 
  • 412
  • 18 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Venom Components of Imported Fire Ant Venom
In the United States, imported fire ants are often referred to as red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren, black imported fire ants, S. richteri Forel, and their hybrid (S. invicta × S. richteri). Due to their aggressive stings and toxic venom, imported fire ants pose a significant threat to public health, agriculture, and ecosystem health.
  • 406
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Mortality in infarct-related cardiogenic shock (CS) remains high, reaching 40–50%. In refractory CS, active mechanical circulatory support devices including veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) are rapidly evolving. However, supporting evidence of VAECMO therapy in infarct-related CS is low. The basics of VA-ECMO therapy, current evidence, ongoing trials, patient selection and potential complications warrant focus.
  • 393
  • 12 Apr 2022
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