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Topic Review
Water radical cations
The study of water continues to provide surprises as evidenced by recent work on the surfaces of small droplets. Systems comprising numbers of water molecules and corresponding cations represent a topic of special interest, such as nuclear safety, functional biomolecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins) damage, proton transfer process and so on. To date, water radical cations have been created through wet nitrogen ionized as a result of subjected to electron-impact ionization, photoionization of a water molecular beam or vapor, even including in helium nanodroplets. They have also been generated through intermolecular coulomb decay process by high-energy photos or above 70 eV electrons impactions.For (H2O)2+•, a theoretical simulation led to both the structure resulting from proton transfer and the dimer cation structure. For larger water radical cations, these clusters are easily constructed from the (H2O)nH+ structures by substituting one of the water molecules, which is the next neighbor of the charged site for •OH radical. Besides the ultra-fast proton transfer reaction within (H2O)n+• , and between (H2O)n+• and its neighboring water molecules to form the proton transfer product, (H2O)n+• also present ultrafast charge migration from a solute M to (H2O)n+•.
  • 2.5K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class
The Mercedes-Benz CLA class is a series of luxury compact executive cars manufactured by Mercedes-Benz since 2013. The first generation was a four-door sedan based on the platform of the W176 A-Class and W246 B-Class compact cars, marketed as a four-door coupé. In 2015, Mercedes-Benz expanded the CLA family to include the Shooting Brake, a station wagon configuration. As the V177 A-Class sedan took its place as the budget-conscious sedan, the second generation got longer and wider than the W205 C-Class. The CLA is Mercedes-Benz's first front-wheel drive vehicle offered in the North American market. The CLA range is positioned above the A-Class and it is nearly on the level of the C-Class in the Mercedes model range, and models tend to be less practical than the A-Class it is based on. The CLA first went on sale in Europe in April 2013, and was subsequently introduced in the United States in September 2013. Its largest markets are Western Europe and the United States. Global cumulative CLA sales reached 100,000 during its first year, cited as "our best launch in 20 years" by Mercedes-Benz. Worldwide, Mercedes-Benz sold about 750,000 units of the first generation.
  • 2.5K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Autophagic Body Formation in Plants
This article is associated with the MDPI International Journal of Molecular Sciences article, which belongs to a Special Issue Plant Cell and Organism Development, “Completing Autophagy: Formation and Degradation of the Autophagic Body and Metabolite Salvage in Plants” by Szymon Stefaniak1, Łukasz Wojtyla1, Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek2, Sławomir Borek1,* The article has been published on https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062205, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(6), 2205. The work was financed by the National Science Centre, Poland (grant no. 2016/23/B/NZ3/00735).
  • 2.5K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Pharmacological Update Properties of Aloe Vera Active Constituents
Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller, family Xanthorrhoeaceae) is a perennial green herb with bright yellow tubular flowers that is extensively distributed in hot and dry areas of North Africa, the Middle East of Asia, the Southern Mediterranean, and the Canary Islands.  Aloe vera has been traditionally used to treat skin injuries (burns, cuts, insect bites, and eczemas) and digestive problems because its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing properties. 
  • 2.5K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Seed Morphology in the Arecaceae
Fruit and seed shape are important characteristics in taxonomy providing information on ecological, nutritional, and developmental aspects, but their application requires quantification.  
  • 2.5K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Propylene Synthesis
Propylene is one of the most important feedstocks in the chemical industry, as it is used in the production of widely diffused materials such as polypropylene. Conventionally, propylene is obtained by cracking petroleum-derived naphtha and is a by-product of ethylene production. To ensure adequate propylene production, an alternative is needed, and propane dehydrogenation is considered the most interesting process.
  • 2.5K
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Power
In physics, power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. In the International System of Units, the unit of power is the watt, equal to one joule per second. In older works, power is sometimes called activity. Power is a scalar quantity. Power is related to other quantities; for example, the power involved in moving a ground vehicle is the product of the traction force on the wheels and the velocity of the vehicle. The output power of a motor is the product of the torque that the motor generates and the angular velocity of its output shaft. Likewise, the power dissipated in an electrical element of a circuit is the product of the current flowing through the element and of the voltage across the element.
  • 2.5K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Green Customer Value
Green Customer Value means the attitude of customers towards green products has effects on their green purchase intention. The green customer's perceived value, including environmental value and perceived environmental image, have significant and positive influences on attitude towards the green product. 
  • 2.5K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Working Fluids
Heat engines, refrigeration cycles and heat pumps usually involve a fluid to and from which heat is transferred while undergoing a thermodynamic cycle. This fluid is called the working fluid. Refrigeration and heat pump technologies often refer to working fluids as refrigerants. Most thermodynamic cycles make use of the latent heat (adventages of phase change) of the working fluid. In case of other cycles the working fluid remains in gaseous phase while undergoing all the processes of the cycle. When it comes to heat engines, working fluid generally undergoes a combustion process as well, for example in internal combustion engines or gas turbines. There are also technologies in heat pump and refrigeration, where working fluid does not change phase, such as reverse Brayton or Stirling cycle. This article summarises the main critera of selecting working fluids for a thermodynamic cycle, such as heat engines including low grade heat recovery using Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for geothermal energy, waste heat, thermal solar energy or biomass and heat pumps and refrigeration cycles. The article addresses how working fluids affect technological applications, where the working fluid undergoes a phase transition and does not remain in its original (mainly gaseous) phase during all the processes of the thermodynamic cycle. Finding the optimal working fluid for a given purpose – which is essential to achieve higher energy efficiency in the energy conversion systems – has great impact on the technology, namely it does not just influence operational variables of the cycle but also alters the layout and modifies the design of the equipment. Selection criteria of working fluids generally include thermodynamic and physical properties besides economical and environmental factors, but most often all of these criteria are used together.
  • 2.5K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Technical Lignin
Lignin, the term commonly used in literature, represents a group of heterogeneous aromatic compounds of plant origin. 
  • 2.5K
  • 16 Feb 2021
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