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Ante-Nicene Period
The Ante-Nicene Period (literally meaning "before Nicaea") of the history of early Christianity was the period following the Apostolic Age of the 1st century down to the First Council of Nicaea in 325. This period of Christian history had a significant impact on the unity of doctrine across all Christendom and the spreading of Christianity to a greater area of the world. Those seen as prominent figures of this era, referred to as the Ante-Nicene Fathers or Proto-orthodox Christians, generally agreed on most doctrine while the teachings of those early Christian writers which the general majority considered to be heretical, were rejected.
  • 3.5K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Honey and Atherosclerosis
Honey, a natural sweetener has been used universally as a complete food and in complementary medicine since early antiquity. Honey contains over 180 substances, including sugars mainly fructose and glucose, water and a plethora of minor constituents such as vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals.  Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease occurring in the inner lining of arterial walls due to the progressive plaque formation. Multiple risk factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, including oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes and cigarette smoking.
  • 3.5K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Make
In software development, Make is a build automation tool that automatically builds executable programs and libraries from source code by reading files called Makefiles which specify how to derive the target program. Though integrated development environments and language-specific compiler features can also be used to manage a build process, Make remains widely used, especially in Unix and Unix-like operating systems. Besides building programs, Make can be used to manage any project where some files must be updated automatically from others whenever the others change.
  • 3.5K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Aminoacid Surfactants
Aminoacid surfactants are a type of surfactant that is composed of both an amino acid and a hydrophobic tail. They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, which allows them to lower the surface tension between two immiscible phases, such as oil and water. Aminoacid surfactants are becoming increasingly popular in personal care and cosmetic products due to their mildness and biocompatibility. They are often used as alternatives to traditional surfactants, which can be harsh and irritating to the skin and eyes. Here are several types of amino acid surfactants, each with its own unique properties and applications. Alkyl-L-glutamate, alkyl-L-amino acids, alkyl-D-amino acids, alkyl-amino acids, and dipeptide surfactants are just a few examples of the different types of amino acid surfactants available. With their biodegradability, low toxicity, and excellent foaming and emulsifying properties, amino acid surfactants are a valuable addition to the surfactant industry.
  • 3.5K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
History of Statistics
The history of statistics in the modern way is that it originates from the term statistics, found in 1749 in Germany. Although there have been changes to the interpretation of the word over time. The development of statistics is intimately connected on the one hand with the development of sovereign states, particularly European states following the peace of Westphalia (1648); and the other hand with the development of probability theory, which put statistics on a firm theoretical basis (see history of probability). In early times, the meaning was restricted to information about states, particularly demographics such as population. This was later extended to include all collections of information of all types, and later still it was extended to include the analysis and interpretation of such data. In modern terms, "statistics" means both sets of collected information, as in national accounts and temperature records, and analytical work which requires statistical inference. Statistical activities are often associated with models expressed using probabilities, hence the connection with probability theory. The large requirements of data processing have made statistics a key application of computing; see history of computing hardware. A number of statistical concepts have an important impact on a wide range of sciences. These include the design of experiments and approaches to statistical inference such as Bayesian inference, each of which can be considered to have their own sequence in the development of the ideas underlying modern statistics.
  • 3.5K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Roadside Unit Deployment in Internet of Vehicles Systems
The network technology known as Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has been developed to improve road safety and vehicle security, with the goal of servicing the digital demands of car drivers and passengers. The highly dynamical network topology that characterizes these networks, and which often leads to discontinuous transmissions, is one of the most significant challenges of IoV. To address this issue, IoV infrastructure-based components known as roadside units (RSU) are designed to play a critical role by providing continuous transmission coverage and permanent connectivity. The main challenges that arise when deploying RSUs are balancing IoVs’ performances and total cost so that optimal vehicle service coverage is provided with respect to some target Quality of Service (QoS) such as: service coverage, throughput, low latency, or energy consumption.
  • 3.5K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
2020
The United Nations has declared 2020 as the International Year of Plant Health. 2020 has been designated as Year of the Nurse and Midwife by the World Health Organization. 2020 has been heavily defined by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has led to global social and economic disruption including a major economic recession. Template:Sts -->
  • 3.5K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Islamic State
An Islamic state is a form of government based on Islamic law. As a term, it has been used to describe various historical polities and theories of governance in the Islamic world. As translation of the Arabic term dawlah islāmiyyah (Arabic: دولة إسلامية) it refers to a modern notion associated with political Islam (Islamism). The concept of the modern Islamic state has been articulated and promoted by ideologues such as Abul A'la Maududi, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Israr Ahmed or Sayyid Qutb. Implementation of Islamic law plays an important role in modern theories of the Islamic state, as it did in classical Islamic political theories. However, the modern theories also make use of notions that did not exist before the modern era. Today, many Muslim countries have incorporated Islamic law, wholly or in part, into their legal systems. Certain Muslim states have declared Islam to be their state religion in their constitutions, but do not apply Islamic law in their courts. Islamic states which are not Islamic monarchies are usually referred to as Islamic republics.
  • 3.5K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Salinity and Turbidity in the Red Sea
Several industrial and scientific underwater applications require high-speed wireless connectivity. Acoustic communications have low data rates and high latency, whereas attenuation in seawater severely limits radio frequency communications. Optical wireless communication is a promising solution, with high transmission rates (up to Gb/s) and little attenuation in water at visible wavelengths.
  • 3.5K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
History of the Euro
The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999, although it had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. After tough negotiations, particularly due to opposition from the United Kingdom, the Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating an economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (even though Denmark has a fixed exchange rate policy with the euro). In 1999 the currency was born virtually and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. It rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded behind the rest of the EU. In 2009 the Lisbon Treaty finalised its political authority, the Eurogroup, alongside the European Central Bank.
  • 3.5K
  • 29 Nov 2022
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