Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Sirius Huang -- 5332 2022-11-29 01:40:41

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. History of the Euro. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36938 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. History of the Euro. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36938. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "History of the Euro" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36938 (accessed September 25, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 29). History of the Euro. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36938
HandWiki. "History of the Euro." Encyclopedia. Web. 29 November, 2022.
History of the Euro
Edit
The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Finance:History_of_the_euro

The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999, although it had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. After tough negotiations, particularly due to opposition from the United Kingdom, the Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating an economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (even though Denmark has a fixed exchange rate policy with the euro). In 1999 the currency was born virtually and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. It rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded behind the rest of the EU. In 2009 the Lisbon Treaty finalised its political authority, the Eurogroup, alongside the European Central Bank.

monetary union exchange rate policy euro

References

  1. "Link" (PDF). http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/emu_history/documentation/chapter1/19290909fr06speechofgustavstresemann.pdf. Retrieved 2012-05-06. 
  2. "Traité (Recueil). 1864–1867] Recueil des traités de la France. Tome neuvième, pp. 453–458" (in fr). Gallica.bnf.fr. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96073g/f471.table. Retrieved 2012-05-06. 
  3. "Barre Report" (PDF). http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/emu_history/documentation/chapter2/19690212en015coordineconpoli.pdf. Retrieved 2012-05-06. 
  4. "The history of the euro - Special Reports / Euro Background". 2001-07-12. http://specials.ft.com/euro/FT3O9H0O2PC.html. 
  5. Marsh, David; Buchan, David; Dawkins, Will (2001-07-31). "EC leaders move nearer to monetary study plan - Special Reports / Euro Background". http://specials.ft.com/euro/FT3XEZDUTPC.html. 
  6. Palmer, By John (1988-09-21). "September 21 1988: Thatcher sets face against united Europe" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/business/1988/sep/21/emu.theeuro. 
  7. Verdun, Amy (January 1999). "The role of the Delors Committee in the creation of EMU: an epistemic community?". Journal of European Public Policy (Taylor and Francis) 6 (2): 308–328. doi:10.1080/135017699343739. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135017699343739. 
  8. "Thatcher told Gorbachev Britain did not want German reunification". Michael Binyon (London: Times). 11 September 2009. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6829735.ece. Retrieved 2009-11-08. 
  9. Ben Knight (8 November 2009). "Germany's neighbors try to redeem their 1989 negativity". Deutsche Welle. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4861759,00.html. Retrieved 2009-11-09. 
  10. "Delors report" (PDF). http://aei.pitt.edu/1007/1/monetary_delors.pdf. Retrieved 2012-05-06. 
  11. Quentin, Peel (2001-07-31). "Germans nervous at loss of D-Mark". http://specials.ft.com/euro/FT3SS4YUTPC.html. 
  12. "France votes Yes, but only just". 2001-07-31. http://specials.ft.com/euro/FT3LY7TTTPC.html. 
  13. Buchan, David (2001-07-31). "Danes say no to Maastricht Treaty". http://specials.ft.com/euro/FT3S6Q9UTPC.html. 
  14. "1992: UK crashes out of ERM". 1992-09-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/16/newsid_2519000/2519013.stm. 
  15. Swardson, Anne (5 January 1999). "Euro Makes Smooth Debut in Markets". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/euro/stories/firstday010598.htm. Retrieved 5 October 2015. 
  16. Dealers quick to adopt new currency , Financial Times http://specials.ft.com/euro/FT3IHXZSTPC.html
  17. G7 nations stand firm on euro , Financial Times http://specials.ft.com/euro/FT3YKSSSTPC.html
  18. Danish vote rocks Blair, BBC http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/946450.stm
  19. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2000:167:0001:0001:EN:PDF
  20. Jürgen Stark (11 May 2011). "The future of the international monetary system: Lessons from 1971 for Europe and the world in light of past and present experience". ECB Speeches (Frankfurt). http://www.ecb.int/press/key/date/2011/html/sp110511.en.html. Retrieved 2012-11-03. 
  21. Ian Black (20 December 2002). "Living in a euro wonderland". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,,863888,00.html. Retrieved 2007-03-05. 
  22. Paul Baker (31 December 1975). "Africa – Coins of Reunion". Wbcc.fsnet.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120224213350/http://www.wbcc.fsnet.co.uk/af-reu.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-06. 
  23. "Euro facing post-holiday test". CNN. 1 January 2002. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090602213003/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/01/01/euro.wrap/index.html. Retrieved 4 May 2010. 
  24. "Euro chaos threatens France". 20 December 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1721553.stm. Retrieved 10 April 2018. 
  25. "Bank offers pay rise to avert euro strike". 27 December 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1730620.stm. Retrieved 10 April 2018. 
  26. Euro cash launch 'tremendous success', BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1739966.stm
  27. Euro sweeps up old currencies, BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1744271.stm
  28. Germany puts price on euro switch, BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3411009.stm
  29. "Exchanging national cash". European Central Bank. http://www.ecb.int/bc/exchange/html/index.en.html#timelimits. Retrieved 10 April 2018. 
  30. German Phones to Take Old D-Mark Coins, Deutsche Welle, 2 June 2005 http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1603628,00.html
  31. Call of duty for Germany's mark, BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4602717.stm
  32. Collobrières Journal – A French Village Revives the Franc, NYTimes.com https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/30/world/europe/30france.html
  33. EUR-USD exchange rate history, ECB http://www.ecb.int/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/eurofxref-graph-usd.en.html
  34. Euro is becoming the it currency, USA Today https://www.usatoday.com/money/markets/2007-11-23-dollar-fri_N.htm
  35. Euro riding high as an inter- national reserve currency, DB Research 2007 http://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_DE-PROD/PROD0000000000209994.PDF
  36. Euro could replace dollar as top currency-Greenspan, Reuters 2007 https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL1771147920070917
  37. DG.COMM.D-4. "PublicOpinion - European Commission". http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/index#p=1&instruments=STANDARD&yearFrom=1999&yearTo=2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018. 
  38. EU data confirms eurozone's first recession , EUbusiness.com, 8 January 2009 http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1231409822.27/
  39. GDP growth slows down Eurozone Watch http://www.abnamromarkets.nl/fileadmin/user_upload/Nieuws/2011/110816_-_Eurozone_data_watch.pdf
  40. Willis, Andrew (19 January 2010) Juncker wants more eurozone activism, EU Observer http://euobserver.com/9/29294
  41. Oakley, David and Ralph Atkins (17 September 2009) Eurozone shows its strength in a crisis, Financial Times https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0cf1c0ee-a3b5-11de-9fed-00144feabdc0.html
  42. Iceland to be fast-tracked into the EU, the Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/30/iceland-join-eu
  43. Wray, Richard (11 April 2010) EU ministers agree Greek bailout terms The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/11/eu-greece-bailout-terms
  44. EU and IMF agree 750 billion-euro fund for crisis-hit eurozone members, France 24 – Reuters 10 May 2010 http://www.france24.com/en/20100510-rehn-salgado-eurozone-720-billion-bailout-fund-crisis-eu-package
  45. Willis, Andrew (25 March 2010) Eurozone leaders agree on Franco-German bail-out mechanism, EU Observer http://euobserver.com/9/29773
  46. Eurozone overhaul Die Zeit on Presseurop, 12 February 2010 http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/190221-eurozone-overhaul
  47. Plans emerge for 'European Monetary Fund' EU Observer http://euobserver.com/9/29623
  48. EU agrees controversial peer review of national budgets, EU Observer http://euobserver.com/9/30232
  49. Willis, Andrew (15 June 2010) Merkel: Spain can access aid if needed, EU Observer http://euobserver.com/9/30284
  50. "Council reaches agreement on measures to strengthen economic governance" (PDF). http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ecofin/119888.pdf. Retrieved 18 May 2011. 
  51. Jan Strupczewski (15 March 2011). "EU finmins adopt tougher rules against debt, imbalance". Uk.finance.yahoo.com. http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/EU-finmins-adopt-tougher-reuters_molt-1023414724.html?x=0. Retrieved 18 May 2011. 
  52. Mahony, Honor (23 April 2011). "/ Economic Affairs / Merkel and Sarkozy plan 'true economic government'". Euobserver.com. http://euobserver.com/19/113327. Retrieved 2012-05-06. 
  53. "Fiscal compact enters into force 21/12/2012 (Press: 551, Nr: 18019/12)". European Council. 21 December 2012. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ecofin/134543.pdf. Retrieved 21 December 2012. 
  54. Hipergo d.o.o., http://www.hipergo.com.+"Bank of Slovenia". Bsi.si. http://www.bsi.si/en/economic-and-monetary-union.asp?MapaId=690. Retrieved 2012-05-06. 
  55. Hipergo d.o.o., http://www.hipergo.com.+"Bank of Slovenia". Bsi.si. http://www.bsi.si/en/economic-and-monetary-union.asp?MapaId=694. Retrieved 2012-05-06. 
  56. "Commission hails approval of the adoption of the euro in Cyprus and Malta". europa.eu. European Commission. 10 July 2007. http://www.europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/1040&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en. Retrieved 24 December 2007. 
  57. Rettman, Andrew (13 February 2007). "Small EU states rush to join single currency". euobserver.com. http://euobserver.com/9/23488. Retrieved 25 January 2009. 
  58. "Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008". Euractiv.com. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090130041939/http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836. Retrieved 25 January 2009. 
  59. "Cyprus files formal application to join the eurozone". Financial Mirror. 13 February 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070928090205/http://www.financialmirror.com/more_news.php?id=6095&type=st. Retrieved 2007-02-13. 
  60. "Cyprus and Malta to adopt euros". BBC News. 10 July 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6288084.stm. Retrieved 13 August 2007. 
  61. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2007/c_248/c_24820071023en00080009.pdf
  62. "The Euro – National Euro Design – Cyprus". 5 May 2008. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080726072931/http://www.ibiblio.org/theeuro/files/files.nat/cyprus.s01.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-05. 
  63. Theodoulou, Michael (27 December 2007). "Euro reaches field that is for ever England". London: Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3097521.ece. Retrieved 27 December 2007. 
  64. "Cyprus and Malta adopt the Euro". BBC News. 1 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7165622.stm. 
  65. Kubosova, Lucia (27 February 2007). "Malta's euro bid may test EU public debt criteria". euobserver.com. http://euobserver.com/9/23578. Retrieved 25 January 2009. 
  66. "euro our money". http://euro.gov.mt/. Retrieved 2008-05-03. 
  67. "List of euro centres". Holiday-malta.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120305184231/http://www.holiday-malta.com/resort/malta/money/money_and_banks.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-06. 
  68. "Slovak euro exchange rate is set". BBC News. 8 July 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7495169.stm. Retrieved 27 October 2008. 
  69. "NBS Preparing to Withdraw and Destroy Koruna Notes and Coins". Archived from the original on 4 April 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080404154555/http://www.tasr.sk/30.axd?k=20080401TBB00434. 
  70. "Most Danes want euro, Slovakia bids for 2009 eurozone entry". http://euobserver.com/9/25930. 
  71. Grajewski, Marcin (7 May 2008). "Slovakia gets green light to join euro zone in 2009". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/telecomm/idUSL0736745720080507. Retrieved 2 January 2009. 
  72. "Slovakia Secures Commission Approval for Euro Entry". Bloomberg. 7 May 2008. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601095&sid=aG0A3s0J7qYE&refer=east_europe. 
  73. "Slovakia won EU and ECB backing to adopt euro". Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160211134520/http://www.business24-7.ae/Articles/2008/5/Pages/SlovakiawonEUandECBbackingtoadopteuro.aspx. 
  74. "ECB Press Release, 7 May 2008". http://www.ecb.int/press/pr/date/2008/html/pr080507.en.html. 
  75. Slovakia joins euro family , Xinhua, 1 January 2009 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-01/01/content_10588945.htm
  76. "Tlačová agentúra Slovenskej republiky". Tasr.sk. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120229211754/http://www.tasr.sk/30.axd?k=20090327TBB00215. Retrieved 2012-05-06. 
  77. Slovakia transitions from koruna to euro, World Coin News, March 2009, p. 18 
  78. "Estonia 'can join euro from 2011'". BBC News. 12 May 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8678073.stm. 
  79. "EP committee gives Estonia euro nod". timesofmalta.com. http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20100604/local/ep-committee-gives-estonia-euro-nod. Retrieved 2012-05-06. 
  80. "Commission: Latvia meets the conditions for adopting the euro". European Commission. 2013-06-05. http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/articles/euro/2013-06-05-convergence-report_en.htm. Retrieved 2013-06-16. 
  81. "Latvia Wins Final EU Approval to Adopt Euro on Jan. 1 Next Year". Bloomberg. 2013-07-09. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-09/latvia-wins-final-eu-approval-to-adopt-euro-on-jan-1-next-year.html. Retrieved 2013-07-09. 
  82. Fuks, Specialiai DELFI iš Briuselio Erika. "Lietuvoje keičiama valiuta". http://www.delfi.lt/verslas/verslas/lietuvoje-keiciama-valiuta.d?id=65363926. Retrieved 10 April 2018. 
  83. "New EU members to break free from euro duty". Euractiv.com. 13 September 2011. http://www.euractiv.com/euro-finance/new-eu-members-break-free-eurozone-duty-news-507564. Retrieved 7 September 2013. 
  84. For the EU members in said year.
More
©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Business, Finance
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
HandWiki
View Times: 7.2K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 29 Nov 2022
Table of Contents
    Notice
    You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
    OK
    Confirm
    Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
    Yes
    No
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    There is no comment~
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    ${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    Confirm
    Are you sure to Delete?
    Yes No
    Academic Video Service
    Feedback