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Topic Review
SAA-UNet
The disaster of the COVID-19 pandemic has claimed numerous lives and wreaked havoc on the entire world due to its transmissible nature. One of the complications of COVID-19 is pneumonia. Different radiography methods, particularly computed tomography (CT), have shown outstanding performance in effectively diagnosing pneumonia.
  • 308
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Rural Internet
Rural Internet describes the characteristics of Internet service in rural areas (also referred to as "the country" or "countryside"), which are settled places outside towns and cities. Inhabitants live in villages, hamlets, on farms and in other isolated houses. Mountains and other terrain can impede rural Internet access. Internet service in many rural areas is provided over voiceband by 56k modem. Poor-quality telephone lines, many of which were installed or last upgraded between the 1930s and the 1960s, often limit the speed of the network to bit rates of 26kbit/s or less. Since many of these lines serve relatively few customers, phone company maintenance and speed of repair of these lines has degraded and their upgrade for modern quality requirements is unlikely. This results in a digital divide. High-speed, wireless Internet service is becoming increasingly common in rural areas. Here, service providers deliver Internet service over radio-frequency via special radio-equipped antennas. Methods for broadband Internet access in rural areas include:
  • 865
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Runoff Model (Reservoir)
A runoff model is a mathematical model describing the rainfall–runoff relations of a rainfall catchment area, drainage basin or watershed. More precisely, it produces a surface runoff hydrograph in response to a rainfall event, represented by and input as a hyetograph. In other words, the model calculates the conversion of rainfall into runoff. A well known runoff model is the linear reservoir, but in practice it has limited applicability. The runoff model with a non-linear reservoir is more universally applicable, but still it holds only for catchments whose surface area is limited by the condition that the rainfall can be considered more or less uniformly distributed over the area. The maximum size of the watershed then depends on the rainfall characteristics of the region. When the study area is too large, it can be divided into sub-catchments and the various runoff hydrographs may be combined using flood routing techniques. Rainfall-runoff models need to be calibrated before they can be used.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Rumor Detection in Social Media
The widespread dissemination of rumors (fake information) on online social media has had a detrimental impact on public opinion and the social environment. This necessitates the urgent need for efficient rumor detection methods. 
  • 320
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (/ˈkɑːrnæp/; German: [ˈkaʁnaːp]; 18 May 1891 – 14 September 1970) was a German-language philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism. He is considered "one of the giants among twentieth-century philosophers."
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
RTP Audio Video Profile
The RTP audio/video profile (RTP/AVP) is a profile for Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) that specifies the technical parameters of audio and video streams. RTP specifies a general-purpose data format, but doesn't specify how encoded data should utilize the features of RTP (what payload type value to put in the RTP header, what sampling rate and clock rate [the rate at which the RTP timestamp increments] to use, etc.). An RTP profile specifies these details. The RTP audio/video profile specifies a mapping of specific audio and video codecs and their sampling rates to RTP payload types and clock rates, and how to encode each data format as an RTP data payload, as well as specifying how to describe these mappings using Session Description Protocol (SDP).
  • 601
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
RT-11
RT-11 (Real-time 11) is a discontinued small, low-end, single-user real-time operating system for the full line of Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 16-bit computers. RT-11 was first implemented in 1970. It was widely used for real-time computing systems, process control, and data acquisition across all PDP-11s. It was also used for low-cost general-use computing.
  • 878
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
RSA BSAFE
RSA BSAFE is a FIPS 140-2 validated cryptography library, available in both C and Java, offered by RSA Security. It was one of the most common ones before the RSA patent expired in September 2000. It also contained implementations of the RCx ciphers, with the most common one being RC4. From 2004 to 2013 the default random number generator in the library was a NIST-approved RNG standard, widely known to be insecure from at least 2006, withdrawn in 2014, suspected to contain an alleged kleptographic backdoor from the American National Security Agency (NSA), as part of its secret Bullrun program.
  • 742
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Rpm
RPM Package Manager (RPM) (originally Red Hat Package Manager; now a recursive acronym) is a package management system. The name RPM refers to the following: the .rpm file format, files in the .rpm file format, software packaged in such files, and the package manager program itself. RPM was intended primarily for Linux distributions; the file format is the baseline package format of the Linux Standard Base. Even though it was created for use in Red Hat Linux, RPM is now used in many Linux distributions. It has also been ported to some other operating systems, such as Novell NetWare (as of version 6.5 SP3), IBM's AIX (as of version 4), CentOS, Fedora (operating system) created jointly between Red Hat and the Fedora community, and Oracle Linux. All versions or variants of the these Linux operating systems use the RPM Package Manager. An RPM package can contain an arbitrary set of files. The larger part of RPM files encountered are “binary RPMs” (or BRPMs) containing the compiled version of some software. There are also “source RPMs” (or SRPMs) files containing the source code used to produce a package. These have an appropriate tag in the file header that distinguishes them from normal (B)RPMs, causing them to be extracted to /usr/src on installation. SRPMs customarily carry the file extension “.src.rpm” (.spm on file systems limited to 3 extension characters, e.g. old DOS FAT).
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Routing Services in Smart Cities
The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a complex optimization problem, in which there exists a set of clients at various locations, each one with a shipment need, and a fleet of vehicles, departing from the central depot that shall optimally satisfy the needs of the clients. The aim of a typical VRP is to find out the optimal route to minimize the total costs. Furthermore, various factors affecting route planning, such as vehicle capacity, fuel consumption, traffic congestion, etc., have to be considered to accomplish the minimization of the total route costs.
  • 441
  • 31 Jan 2023
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