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Topic Review
Objective Diagnosis for Histopathological Images
Histopathology refers to the examination by a pathologist of biopsy samples. Histopathology images are captured by a microscope to locate, examine, and classify many diseases, such as different cancer types. They provide a detailed view of different types of diseases and their tissue status. These images are an essential resource with which to define biological compositions or analyze cell and tissue structures. This imaging modality is very important for diagnostic applications.The analysis of histopathology images is a prolific and relevant research area supporting disease diagnosis. In this paper, the challenges of histopathology image analysis are evaluated. An extensive review of conventional and deep learning techniques that have been applied in histological image analyses is presented. This entry summarizes many current datasets and highlights important challenges and constraints with recent deep learning techniques, alongside possible future research avenues. Despite the progress made in this research area so far, it is still a significant area of open research because of the variety of imaging techniques and disease-specific characteristics. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Sound Card
A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an internal expansion card that provides input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under the control of computer programs. The term sound card is also applied to external audio interfaces used for professional audio applications. Sound functionality can also be integrated onto the motherboard, using components similar to those found on plug-in cards. The integrated sound system is often still referred to as a sound card. Sound processing hardware is also present on modern video cards with HDMI to output sound along with the video using that connector; previously they used a S/PDIF connection to the motherboard or sound card. Typical uses of sound cards or sound card functionality include providing the audio component for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation, education and entertainment (games) and video projection. Sound cards are also used for computer-based communication such as voice over IP and teleconferencing.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Short Text Clustering Algorithms
Short text clustering (STC) has become a critical task for automatically grouping various unlabelled texts into meaningful clusters. STC is a necessary step in many applications, including Twitter personalization, sentiment analysis, spam filtering, customer reviews and many other social network-related applications.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Fault-tolerant Computer System
Fault-tolerant computer systems are systems designed around the concepts of fault tolerance. In essence, they must be able to continue working to a level of satisfaction in the presence of errors or breakdowns. Fault tolerance is not just a property of individual machines; it may also characterise the rules by which they interact. For example, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is designed to allow reliable two-way communication in a packet-switched network, even in the presence of communications links which are imperfect or overloaded. It does this by requiring the endpoints of the communication to expect packet loss, duplication, reordering and corruption, so that these conditions do not damage data integrity, and only reduce throughput by a proportional amount. Recovery from errors in fault-tolerant systems can be characterised as either 'roll-forward' or 'roll-back'. When the system detects that it has made an error, roll-forward recovery takes the system state at that time and corrects it, to be able to move forward. Roll-back recovery reverts the system state back to some earlier, correct version, for example using checkpointing, and moves forward from there. Roll-back recovery requires that the operations between the checkpoint and the detected erroneous state can be made idempotent. Some systems make use of both roll-forward and roll-back recovery for different errors or different parts of one error.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
DNV GL
DNV GL is an international accredited registrar and classification society headquartered in Høvik, Norway . The company currently has about 14,500 employees and 350 offices operating in more than 100 countries, and provides services for several industries including maritime, renewable energy, oil & gas, electrification, food & beverage and healthcare. It was created in 2013 as a result of a merger between two leading organizations in the field — Det Norske Veritas (Norway ) and Germanischer Lloyd (Germany ). DNV GL is the world's largest classification society, providing services for 13,175 vessels and mobile offshore units (MOUs) amounting to 265.4 million gt, which represents a global market share of 21%. It is also the largest technical consultancy and supervisory to the global renewable energy (particularly wind, wave, tidal and solar) and oil and gas industry — 65% of the world's offshore pipelines are designed and installed to DNV GL's technical standards. Prior to the merger, both DNV and GL have independently acquired several companies in different sectors, such as Hélimax Energy (Canada), Garrad Hassan (UK), Windtest (Germany) and KEMA (Netherlands), which now contribute to DNV GL's expertise across several industries. In addition to providing services such as technical assessment, certification, risk management and software development, DNV GL also invests heavily in research. Remi Eriksen took over as Group President and CEO of DNV GL on August 1, 2015, succeeding Henrik O. Madsen.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
IBM POWER Instruction Set Architecture
The IBM POWER ISA is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by IBM. The name is an acronym for Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC. The ISA is used as base for high end microprocessors from IBM during the 1990s and were used in many of IBM's servers, minicomputers, workstations, and supercomputers. These processors are called POWER1 (RIOS-1, RIOS.9, RSC, RAD6000) and POWER2 (POWER2, POWER2+ and P2SC). The ISA evolved into the PowerPC instruction set architecture and was deprecated in 1998 when IBM introduced the POWER3 processor that was mainly a 32/64-bit PowerPC processor but included the POWER ISA for backwards compatibility. The original POWER ISA was then abandoned. PowerPC evolved into the third Power ISA in 2006. IBM continues to develop PowerPC microprocessor cores for use in their application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) offerings. Many high volume applications embed PowerPC cores.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
IBM Basic Assembly Language and Successors
Basic Assembly Language (BAL) is the commonly used term for a low-level programming language used on IBM System/360 and successor mainframes. Originally "Basic Assembly Language" applied only to an extremely restricted dialect designed to run under control of IBM Basic Programming Support (BPS/360) on systems with only 8 KB of main memory, and only a card reader, a card punch, and a printer for input/output — thus the word "Basic". However, the full name and the initialism "BAL" almost immediately attached themselves in popular use to all assembly-language dialects on the System/360 and its descendants. BAL for BPS/360 was introduced with the System/360 in 1964. Assemblers on other System/360 operating systems through System/370, System/390, and System z, as well as the UNIVAC Series 90 mainframes made by Sperry Corporation, and the BS2000 Mainframes currently made by Fujitsu, inherited and extended its syntax. The latest derived language is known as the IBM High-Level Assembler (HLASM). Programmers utilizing this family of assemblers also refer to them as ALC, (for Assembly Language Coding), or simply "assembler". BAL is also the mnemonic of the "Branch And Link" instruction.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Wireless Sensor Networks based IoT
The WSN based IoT (WSN-IoT) design problems include network coverage and connectivity issues, energy consumption, bandwidth requirement, network lifetime maximization, communication protocols and state of the art infrastructure. In this paper, the authors propose machine learning methods as an optimization tool for regular WSN-IoT nodes deployed in smart city applications. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Human Detection in Heavy Smoke Scenarios
The most dangerous factor in a fire scene is smoke and heat, especially smoke. How to locate people and guide them out of a heavy smoke environment will be the key to surviving an evacuation process. A variety of instruments have been studied that can be used in fire and smoky situations, including visible camera, kinetic depth sensor, LIDAR, night vision, IR camera, radar, and sonar.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Multimodal Affective Brain–Computer Interfaces
Multimodal affective brain-computer interfaces(aBCI) use techniques from psychological theories and methods (concepts and protocols), neuroscience (brain function and signal processing) and computer science (machine learning and human-computer interaction) to induce, measure and detect emotional states and apply the resulting information to improve interaction with machines (Mühl, C.; et al.).We assume that multimodal emotion recognition based on EEG should integrate not only EEG signals, an objective method of emotion measurement, but also a variety of peripheral physiological signals or behaviors. Compared to single patterns, multimodal emotion processing can achieve more reliable results by extracting additional information; consequently, it has attracted increasing attention. Li at el. (Li, Y.; et al.) proposed that in addition to combining different input signals, emotion recognition should include a variety of heterogeneous sensory stimuli (such as audio-visual stimulation) to induce emotions. Many studies (Huang, H.; et al.; Wang, F.; et al.) have shown that integrating heterogeneous sensory stimuli can enhance brain patterns and further improve brain–computer interface performance.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Mar 2021
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