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Topic Review
Biography
Topic Review
Broken/Angular Diameter
The angular diameter, angular size, apparent diameter, or apparent size is an angular measurement describing how large a sphere or circle appears from a given point of view. In the vision sciences, it is called the visual angle, and in optics, it is the angular aperture (of a lens). The angular diameter can alternatively be thought of as the angle through which an eye or camera must rotate to look from one side of an apparent circle to the opposite side. Angular radius equals half of the angular diameter.
2.1K
04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
TurboGears
TurboGears is a Python web application framework consisting of several WSGI components such as WebOb, SQLAlchemy, Genshi and Repoze. TurboGears is designed around the model–view–controller (MVC) architecture, much like Struts or Ruby on Rails, designed to make rapid web application development in Python easier and more maintainable. Since version 2.3 the framework has also been providing a "minimal mode" which enables it to act as a microframework for usage in environments where the whole stack is not required nor wanted.
317
04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
HADOPI Law
The French HADOPI law or Creation and Internet law (French: Haute Autorité pour la Diffusion des Œuvres et la Protection des droits d'auteur sur Internet, pronounced [ot‿ɔtɔʁite puʁ la difyzjɔ̃ dɛz‿œvʁ e la pʁɔtɛksjɔ̃ de dʁwa d‿otœʁ syʁ ɛ̃tɛʁnɛt]; or, loosely in English, "Supreme Authority for the Distribution of Works and Protection of Copyright on the Internet") was introduced during 2009, providing what is known as a graduated response as a means to encourage compliance with copyright laws. HADOPI is the acronym of the government agency created to administer it. The part of the HADOPI law that allowed for suspension of Internet access to a repeat infringer was revoked on 8 July 2013 by the French government because that penalty was considered to be disproportionate. The power to impose fines or other sanctions on repeat infringers remains in effect. In January 2022, the Hadopi agency merged with the High Audiovisual Council (CSA), to form the Regulatory Authority for Audiovisual and Digital Communication (Autorité de régulation de la communication audiovisuelle et numérique; ARCOM).
730
04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Binary Scaling
Binary scaling is a computer programming technique used typically in embedded C, DSP and assembler programs to implement non-integer operations by using the native integer arithmetic of the processor.
3.0K
04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
DNN
DNN Platform (formerly DotNetNuke) is a web content management system and web application framework based on the .NET Framework. It is open source and part of the .Net Foundation. DNN is written in C#, though it existed for many years as a VB.NET project. It is distributed under an MIT license.
802
04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
A Beginner's Python Tutorial
Python is an interpreted programming language.
951
04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cray-2
The Cray-2 is a supercomputer with four vector processors made by Cray Research starting in 1985. At 1.9 GFLOPS peak performance, it was the fastest machine in the world when it was released, replacing the Cray X-MP in that spot. It was, in turn, replaced in that spot by the Cray Y-MP in 1988. The Cray-2 was the first of Seymour Cray's designs to successfully use multiple CPUs. This had been attempted in the CDC 8600 in the early 1970s, but the emitter-coupled logic (ECL) transistors of the era were too difficult to package into a working machine. The Cray-2 addressed this through the use of ECL integrated circuits, packing them in a novel 3D wiring that greatly increased circuit density. The dense packaging and resulting heat loads were a major problem for the Cray-2. This was solved in a unique fashion by forcing the electrically inert Fluorinert liquid through the circuitry under pressure and then cooling it outside the processor box. The unique "waterfall" cooler system came to represent high-performance computing in the public eye and was found in many informational films and as a movie prop for some time. Unlike the original Cray-1, the Cray-2 had difficulties delivering peak performance. Other machines from the company, like the X-MP and Y-MP, outsold the Cray-2 by a wide margin. When Cray began development of the Cray-3, the company chose to develop the Cray C90 series instead. This is the same sequence of events that occurred when the 8600 was being developed, and as in that case, Cray left the company.
386
04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Congruence (General Relativity)
In general relativity, a congruence (more properly, a congruence of curves) is the set of integral curves of a (nowhere vanishing) vector field in a four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold which is interpreted physically as a model of spacetime. Often this manifold will be taken to be an exact or approximate solution to the Einstein field equation.
347
04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
VC Dimension
In Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory, the VC dimension (for Vapnik–Chervonenkis dimension) is a measure of the capacity (complexity, expressive power, richness, or flexibility) of a space of functions that can be learned by a statistical classification algorithm. It is defined as the cardinality of the largest set of points that the algorithm can shatter. It was originally defined by Vladimir Vapnik and Alexey Chervonenkis. Formally, the capacity of a classification model is related to how complicated it can be. For example, consider the thresholding of a high-degree polynomial: if the polynomial evaluates above zero, that point is classified as positive, otherwise as negative. A high-degree polynomial can be wiggly, so it can fit a given set of training points well. But one can expect that the classifier will make errors on other points, because it is too wiggly. Such a polynomial has a high capacity. A much simpler alternative is to threshold a linear function. This function may not fit the training set well, because it has a low capacity. This notion of capacity is made rigorous below.
2.3K
04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Power Set
In mathematics, the power set (or powerset) of any set S is the set of all subsets of S, including the empty set and S itself, variously denoted as P(S), 𝒫(S), ℘(S) (using the "Weierstrass p"), P(S), ℙ(S), or, identifying the powerset of S with the set of all functions from S to a given set of two elements, 2S. In axiomatic set theory (as developed, for example, in the ZFC axioms), the existence of the power set of any set is postulated by the axiom of power set. Any subset of P(S) is called a family of sets over S.
273
04 Nov 2022
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