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Topic Review
Survivability Assessment
Survivability assessment can be defined as the method by which the penetration performance of a protective material is measured. The key metric here is how effective the material is at dissipating energy throughout its molecular matrix, thereby protecting the material’s integrity and providing enhanced protection to the user from both ballistic and non-ballistic threats.
  • 376
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Surrounding Physical Environment on Indoor Thermal Environment
Buildings are usually surrounded by neighboring buildings, green plants, road surface, water body, sky, etc., all of which have an impact on the microclimate of the buildings. In turn, the changes in microclimate indirectly affect the indoor temperature, humidity, thermal comfort, and energy consumption of the buildings.
  • 261
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Surfactants versus Biosurfactants
Based on their origin and composition, surfactants can be divided into three different categories: (i) synthetic surfactants; (ii) bio-based surfactants; and (iii) microbial biosurfactants. The first group is the most widespread and cost-effective. It is composed of surfactants, which are synthetically produced, using non-renewable sources, with a final structure that is different from the natural components of living cells. The second category comprises surfactants of intermediate biocompatibility, usually produced by chemical synthesis but integrating fats, sugars or amino acids obtained from renewable sources into their structure. Finally, the third group of surfactants, designated as microbial biosurfactants, are considered the most biocompatible and eco-friendly, as they are produced by living cells, mostly bacteria and yeasts, without the intermediation of organic synthesis.
  • 2.9K
  • 14 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Surface-Modification Routes for Pool Boiling Enhancement
Surface coatings provide an efficient solution to modify boiling surfaces according to the demands of nucleate pool boiling heat transfer amelioration. The surface modification at macro-, micro-, and nanoscales is assessed concerning the underlying fluid routing and capability to eliminate the incipient boiling hysteresis and ameliorate the pool boiling heat-transfer ability, particularly when employed together with self-rewetting fluids and nanofluids with enriched thermophysical properties. Considering the nanofluids, it is viable to take the profit of their high thermal conductivity and their specific heat simultaneously and to produce a film of deposited nanoparticles onto the heating surface, which possesses enhanced surface roughness and an increased density of nucleation sites.
  • 119
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Surface-Functionalized Separator
The surface-modified separator plays a role in improving the electrolyte wettability, homogenizing Li+flux, and strengthening the mechanical/thermal property. Due to these favorable benefits, the formation of sharp Li dendrite is efficiently suppressed and the thermal stability of battery is greatly enhanced. In this article, separator-coating materials are classified into six categories in terms of material characteristics to show how each material has different electrochemical properties. We believe that the suggested approach would become a powerful strategy to improve the performance and stability of next-generation batteries such as lithium-metal batteries.
  • 986
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrates for Food Safety Detection
Food safety analysis currently relies on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), UV-visible spectrophotometry, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS), all of which require significant time to train qualified food safety testing laboratory operators. These factors have hindered the development of rapid food safety monitoring systems, especially in remote areas or areas with a relative lack of testing resources. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as one of the tools of choice for food safety testing that can overcome these dilemmas. SERS offers advantages over chromatographic mass spectrometry analysis due to its portability, non-destructive nature, and lower cost implications. However, as it currently stands, Raman spectroscopy is a supplemental tool in chemical analysis, reinforcing and enhancing the completeness and coverage of the food safety analysis system. SERS combines portability with non-destructive and cheaper detection costs to gain an advantage over chromatographic mass spectrometry analysis. 
  • 435
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering for Illicit Drug Detection
The rapid increase in illicit drug use and its adverse health effects and socio-economic consequences have reached alarming proportions in recent years. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has emerged as a highly sensitive analytical tool for the detection of low dosages of drugs in liquid and solid samples.
  • 748
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Surface Water and Floods Detection with Multispectral Satellites
The use of multispectral satellite imagery for water monitoring is a fast and cost-effective method that can benefit from the growing availability of medium–high-resolution and free remote sensing data. Since the 1970s, multispectral satellite imagery has been exploited by adopting different techniques and spectral indices. The high number of available sensors and their differences in spectral and spatial characteristics led to a proliferation of outcomes that depicts a nice picture of the potential and limitations of each. 
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Surface Transportation Board
The Surface Transportation Board (STB) of the United States is a federal, bipartisan, independent adjudicatory board. The STB was established in 1996 to assume some of the regulatory functions that had been administered by the Interstate Commerce Commission when the ICC was abolished. Other ICC regulatory functions were either eliminated or transferred to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration or to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics within DOT. The STB has broad economic regulatory oversight of railroads, including rates, service, the construction, acquisition and abandonment of rail lines, carrier mergers and interchange of traffic among carriers. The STB also has oversight of pipeline carriers, intercity bus carriers, moving van companies, trucking companies involved in collective activities and water carriers engaged in non-contiguous domestic trade. The Board has wide discretion, through its exemption authority from federal, state and local laws, to tailor its regulatory activities to meet the nation's changing transportation needs.
  • 298
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Surface Thermometry Methods in Combustion Environments
Temperature is one of the most important parameters in the combustion processes. Accurate surface temperature can help to gain insight into the combustion characteristics of various solid or liquid fuels, as well as to evaluate the operating status of combustion power facilities such as internal combustion engines and gas turbines. Techniques for surface temperature measurement could be broadly divided into two categories: contact-based thermometry, which is mainly composed of various types of thermocouples and thermistors, as well as non-intrusive thermometry, e.g., radiation thermometry and laser-based techniques.
  • 426
  • 16 Dec 2022
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