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Topic Review
Biomass Gasification
Lignocellulosic gasification is a valid thermochemical approach for the conversion of organic solid matter into a gaseous mixture that is constituted of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane, named synthetic gas or syngas. Although about 55% of syngas is still produced from coal, biomass utilization, especially lignocellulose, is constantly growing. Indeed, gasification could be potentially applied to all different kinds of lignocellulosic biomass, unlike other conversion technologies. Moreover, in the last few decades, a wide range of applications of syngas have been intensively studied. Syngas can be directly used as a combustible substance in power plants for heat and power production (steam cycle, co-combustion, combustion in gas turbines or internal combustion engines, high temperature fuel cells), which represents the most common use of biomass-derived syngas. However, syngas also represents a platform that can be employed in a broad range of chemical and microbial processes, leading to gaseous and liquid fuels, as well as to chemicals. Chemical process research has mainly focused on transportation fuel production from syngas, such as Fischer–Tropsch liquid fuels, hydrogen, methanol, dimethyl ether (DME), mixed alcohols, and synthetic natural gas (SNG). Instead, the biochemical conversion route consists of syngas fermentation in which obligate anaerobic microorganisms convert syngas into organic acids, alcohols, and other chemicals. The most commonly used microorganisms are acetogens, which use the Wood–Ljungdahl metabolic pathway. Syngas fermentation is defined as an indirect fermentation process because biomass is not fed directly into the fermenter, but it is previously converted into syngas through gasification. 
  • 5.3K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Biomass Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis process has been considered to be an efficient approach for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-oil and value-added chemicals. Bio-oil refers to biomass pyrolysis liquid, which contains alkanes, aromatic compounds, phenol derivatives, and small amounts of ketone, ester, ether, amine, and alcohol. Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable and sustainable energy resource for carbon that is readily available in the environment. This review article provides an outline of the pyrolysis process including pretreatment of biomass, pyrolysis mechanism, and process products upgrading. The pretreatment processes for biomass are reviewed including physical and chemical processes. In addition, the gaps in research and recommendations for improving the pretreatment processes are highlighted. Furthermore, the effect of feedstock characterization, operating parameters, and types of biomass on the performance of the pyrolysis process are explained. Recent progress in the identification of the mechanism of the pyrolysis process is addressed with some recommendations for future work. In addition, the article critically provides insight into process upgrading via several approaches specifically using catalytic upgrading. In spite of the current catalytic achievements of catalytic pyrolysis for providing high-quality bio-oil, the production yield has simultaneously dropped. This article explains the current drawbacks of catalytic approaches while suggesting alternative methodologies that could possibly improve the deoxygenation of bio-oil while maintaining high production yield.
  • 2.0K
  • 21 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Biomass Pyrolysis Processes for Bioenergy Production
Bioenergy has emerged to be among the primary choices for the short- and medium-term replacement of fossil fuels and the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The most practical method for transforming biomass into biofuel is thermochemical conversion, which may be broken down into combustion, torrefaction, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and gasification.
  • 834
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biomass Resources in Jordan
The state of Jordan’s energy independence is critical, with the country relying almost entirely on imported oil and gas. Consequently, energy availability is considered to be the most significant challenge faced by Jordan’s industrial sectors. Jordan generates large amounts of animal, human, and agricultural waste each year, of which one-third is food waste. Most of Jordan’s biomass resources are dispersed throughout the country, and there is limited collection coverage. During biomass collection in Jordan, a significant amount of agricultural residue is lost, either by being burned or reused as animal food.
  • 505
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Biomass Waste Conversion Technologies for Sustainable Environmental Development
Biomass is defined as organic matter originating from living plants that can be naturally replenished or renewed. Biomass waste can be converted into valuable resources with high efficiency and low cost, which can save money and conserve natural resources. Biomass conversion is the process of converting organic matter from biomass into usable forms of energy and high-value products.
  • 181
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Biomass-Derived Carbon Electrocatalyst
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has attracted considerable attention for clean energy conversion technologies to reduce traditional fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Although platinum (Pt) metal is currently used as an electrocatalyst to accelerate sluggish ORR kinetics, the scarce resource and high cost still restrict its further scale-up applications. In this regard, biomass-derived carbon electrocatalysts have been widely adopted for ORR electrocatalysis in recent years owing to their tunable physical/chemical properties and cost-effective precursors.
  • 689
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Biomass-to-Energy in Taiwan
In order to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from existing fossil fuel plants, biomass or lignocellulose-based waste was used directly as a solid fuel or as a supplement to fossil fuels. Although the traditional combustion of solid-type biomass in open fires or cook stoves could have an impact on human health and the environment, bioenergy for power generation (or electricity) and transport fuels (i.e., bioethanol and biodiesel) has been growing quickly, mainly because of the policy support and regulatory compliance. In order to reduce the dependence on imported energy supply as well as to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the Taiwanese government has been actively promoting renewable energy development to increase the indigenous energy supply for electricity and heat generation in the energy and industrial sectors.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biomaterials Adapted to Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing
Along with the rapid and extensive advancements in the 3D printing field, a diverse range of uses for 3D printing have appeared in the spectrum of medical applications. Vat photopolymerization (VPP) stands out as one of the most extensively researched methods of 3D printing, with its main advantages being a high printing speed and the ability to produce high-resolution structures. A major challenge in using VPP 3D-printed materials in medicine is the general incompatibility of standard VPP resin mixtures with the requirements of biocompatibility and biofunctionality. Instead of developing completely new materials, an alternate approach to solving this problem involves adapting existing biomaterials. Biomaterials may be of organic or inorganic nature, and when considering the process, there are no significant differences reported in the 3D printing between these categories, as each material shows limitations and specific methods for adaptation to VPP. However, a relevant difference lies in the temporal and procedural requisites for reaching their final (synthetic) form. Organic biomaterials, in particular, require additional chemical steps, the most relevant involving the need for the polymerization of an organic compound (to be distinguished from the polymerization occurring during the 3D printing process) under specific reaction conditions.
  • 199
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Biomaterials for Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology
The principal features essential for the success of an orthopaedic implant are its shape, dimensional accuracy, and adequate mechanical properties. Unlike other manufactured products, chemical stability and toxicity are of increased importance due to the need for biocompatibility over an implants life which could span several years. Thus, the combination of mechanical and biological properties determines the clinical usefulness of biomaterials in orthopaedic and musculoskeletal trauma surgery. Materials commonly used for these applications include stainless steel, cobalt-chromium and titanium alloys, ceramics, polyethylene, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement.
  • 461
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Biomaterials in 3D Printing
Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, encompasses a wide range of techniques for applications ranging from on-demand production to functional prototypes. 3D printing is mainly used in industrial sectors such as aerospace, automotive, medical, dental, construction, art and fashion. Fossil fuel-based materials, such as plastics and metals, as well as concrete, etc., are widely used to produce 3D-printed products. Innovative 3D technologies using new bio-based renewable materials have shown promising results for everyday applications, opening up new opportunities for sustainable 3D printing in the future.
  • 400
  • 02 Aug 2023
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