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Topic Review
The Double-Tube Heat Exchanger Performance
The double-tube heat exchanger is one of the most common designs of heat exchangers used in commercial and industrial applications. It is the simplest and one in which hot and cold fluids move in same or opposite directions. Various methods are presented to improve a double-tube heat exchanger.  
  • 879
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Discovery of Infrared Radiation
This entry is mainly about the story of infrared radiation
  • 371
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Development of Renewable Energy in China
Renewable energy is now the world’s most reliable and sustainable solution to environmental pollution, the energy crisis, and social sustainability. In order to regulate renewable energies and ensure the sustainable development of renewable energy in China, a regulatory framework is imperative. In 2020, China’s electricity generation and consumption increased by 0.9 and 1.3 percent annually, respectively, producing capacity of power plants increased by 5.6 GW, coal consumption of power supply decreased by 4.3 g/kWh, power generation projects investment increased by 51.6 billion RMB, power grid projects investment decreased by 1.8 billion RMB, and newly installed generation capacity increased by 769 GW year on year (YOY). During the first three quarters of 2021, the generation, consumption and coal consumption of electricity increased respectively by 10.7 and 12.9%, the generating capacity of power plants increased by 9.4 GW, the average coal consumption of power supply decreased by 0.9 g/kWh, power generation projects investment increased by 1.8 billion RMB, while power grid projects investment decreased by 0.3 billion RMB and new generation capacity added around 20.16 GW compared to the same period last year. Furthermore, domestic power consumption grew by 6.0% and 7%, respectively, in 2020–2021. 
  • 613
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Dependability of 6G Networks
The sixth-generation (6G) communication networks must be highly dependable due to the foreseen connectivity of critical infrastructures through these networks. Dependability is a compound metric of four well-known concepts—reliability, availability, safety, and security.
  • 428
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Contributions of LoRa as a Multi-Hop Technology
Linear networks (sometimes called chain-type networks) occur frequently in Internet of Things (IoT) applications, where sensors or actuators are deployed along pipelines, roads, railways, mines, and international borders. LoRa, short for Long Range, is an increasingly important technology for the IoT with great potential for linear networking. Despite its potential, limited research has explored LoRa’s implementation in such networks.
  • 166
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Concept of Sustainability in Civil Construction
The concept of sustainability appeared with the creation of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCCD) by the United Nations General Assembly in 1983.
  • 117
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Concept of a Dual-Core PLC
IEC 61131-3-compliant engineering environments consist of IDE (integrated development environment) with language editors, compiler of source programs into binary code, and runtime for execution of the code. In a dual-core PLC proposed here, the cores run different projects cooperating by shared memory.
  • 137
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Composition of Natural Asphalts
Natural asphalts (NAs) can be an economical and environmental alternative in pavement construction. Most studies have investigated them as binder and asphalt mixture modifiers due to their high compatibility with conventional asphalts. 
  • 817
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Cold Spray Method
The cold, thermal spraying technology “Cold Spray” is a method of processing particles in a solid state. Research conducted through cold spray technology has seen a significant improvement in material properties; when processing the particles in a solid state, they adhere to the surface instead of eroding it. Cold spraying has proven to be an effective technique for improving material properties, as confirmed by its integration into different fields and industries, becoming competitive by being the only method for depositing particles below their melting point.
  • 367
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Chemical Compositions of Industrial Wastes
As a result of global warming, the pursuance of low-carbon, sustainable building materials has been prioritized. The development of geopolymer/cement-less binders can be considered an innovative and green way forward to minimize carbon footprint and tackle industrial waste material utilization.
  • 559
  • 29 Nov 2022
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