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Topic Review
Bioactive Ceramic Scaffolds
A wide variety of bioactive ceramic scaffolds, which encompass CaP, doped HA and CS, bioactive glasses and ceramics, and their respective composites, have been used as the constructs for replacing cancellous bone (restoration of the bone loss), shown in. Synthetic HA, which is similar to the CaP minerals within bones and teeth, is successfully applied as a bone implant with suitable mechanical strength and osteoconductivity. Bioactive scaffolds processed through PBSLP with the various modes of functionalization through the incorporation of drugs, stem cells, and growth factors facilitate bone regeneration and ameliorate critical-sized bone defects based on the fracture site length for personalized medicine. The keyhole pores, apart from the designed porosity from the CAD design, usually affect the mechanical strength of the scaffolds when fabricated through powder bed selective laser processing techniques.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Bioactive Compounds from Food Industry Bioresidues
With the increasing demand for convenient and ready-to-eat foods, the use of antioxidants and preservative additives in foodstuff formulation is essential. In addition to their technological functions in food, bio-based additives confer beneficial properties for human health for having antioxidant capacity and acting as antimicrobial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory agents, among others. The replacement of preservatives and other additives from synthetic origin, usually related to adverse effects on human health, faces some challenges such as availability and cost. An opportunity to obtain these compounds lies in the food industry itself, as a great variety of food waste has been identified as an excellent source of high value-added compounds. Large amounts of seeds, fibrous strands, peel, bagasse, among other parts of fruits and vegetables are lost or wasted during industrial processing, despite being rich sources of bioactive compounds. From a circular economy perspective, this work reviewed the main advances on the recovery of value-added compounds from food industry bioresidues for food application. Bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic compounds, have been largely obtained, mostly from seeds and peels, and have been successfully incorporated into foods. Additionally, alternative and eco-friendly extraction techniques, as ultrasound and microwave, have showed advantages in extracting antioxidant and preservatives compounds. 
  • 710
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biobeneficiation of PGMs
Conventional beneficiation of the Platinum Group of Metals (PGMs) relies on the use of inorganic chemicals. With the depreciation of high grade deposits, these conventional processes are becoming less economically viable. Furthermore, the use of chemicals has serious negative impacts on the environment. To address the challenges of conventional PGM beneficiation, biobeneficiation has been proposed. Bio-beneficiation is the concentration of mineral species by employing microorganisms that interact with either the gangue or the valuable mineral species. Bio-beneficiation can also be described as the use of microorganisms to interact with minerals to subsequently induce processes such as magnetic separation, flotation, and flocculation.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Biobutanol Blends in Diesel Engines
Fossil fuels have often been partially replaced by renewable fuels to reduce both the environmental impact and the dependence on conventional fuels in internal combustion engines. When butanol is blended with diesel fuels, PM emissions sharply decrease, THC emissions increase and there is no consensus regarding CO and NOx emissions. No startability problems up to 40% butanol content are concluded for tests at warm ambient temperature
  • 728
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Biochar Materials
Biochar (BC) based materials are solid carbon enriched materials produced via different thermochemical techniques such as pyrolysis.
  • 343
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Biochar Production Technologies and Applications
Biochar is a carbon-rich amorphous and aromatic material that may present various interesting properties such as high hydrophobicity, alkaline nature, relevant concentrations of nutrients (N, P, and K), good water and nutrient retention capacities, low thermal conductivity, high energy content, and high superficial porosity that enable interaction with external organic and inorganic compounds. These properties are largely dependent on feedstock type and biochar production conditions. Although biochar is mostly recognized as a valuable resource for soil fertilization and conditioning, this material also has significant potential to be used for water filtration and remediation processes, as an animal feed supplement, for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission control (carbon sink feature), for insulation materials for the building sector, as an electrode material (for energy production and storage), cosmetic products, biogas production and improvement, and in catalytic processes.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Biochar-Based Materials for Wastewater Treatment
Biochar is an important, interesting, low-cost material with various agricultural, industrial, and scientific applications. Biochar is a name given to vegetable-derived charcoal, which can be used as an agent to improve soil and water quality. This carbon-rich substance can be produced by the carbonization of biomass residues (e.g., wood, dung, manure, or leaves) in thermal conversion processes, such as pyrolysis, torrefaction, and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). Among them, pyrolysis is the most common process to obtain biochar under anaerobic conditions and high temperatures. In addition, heat, syngas, liquid fuels, and pyroligneous acid (wood vinegar) are also generated during this process.
  • 228
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Biochemical CO2-to-X Transformation Pathways
Technologies to capture CO2 and use it as a feedstock to produce CO2-based chemicals and biofuels via chemical or biochemical conversion pathways can potentially reduce the amount of CO2 released. Cultivation of microalgae, an intermediate CO2-based product of microalgal biorefineries, is recognized as a promising decentralized alternative to capture and use CO2 emissions using biological transformation. Microalgal strains are generally cultivated in open raceways or closed (flat panel, tubular) cultivation systems. It is generally known that CO2, nutrients (mainly N compounds and phosphates), and sunlight as an energy source are needed for microalgal growth under photosynthetic reaction.
  • 129
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Biocidal Action of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapour and Mechanism
Disinfection is described as a process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects, with the exception of bacterial endospores. Disinfection is usually carried out by chemical or physical means. Among other settings, disinfection is of utmost importance in hospital environments due to pathogens living on hospital surfaces being the direct cause for hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). However, the presence of a wide range of pathogens and biofilms, combined with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, presents infection control teams in healthcare facilities with ongoing challenges in the selection of biocides and application methods. This necessitates the development of biocides and innovative disinfection methods that overcome the shortcomings of conventional methods. The use of hydrogen peroxide vapour to be a superior alternative to conventional methods. Hydrogen peroxide vapour to be very close to an ideal disinfectant due to its proven efficacy against a wide range of microorganisms, safety to use, lack of toxicity concerns and good material compatibility.
  • 412
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Bioclimatic Retrofitting in Commercial Buildings
Buildings consume energy throughout their operational lifespan. The operational phase of a building’s life cycle plays a crucial role in energy consumption. Bioclimatic retrofitting affords a more human experience of a commercial building. Bioclimatic retrofitting promotes better natural ventilation and awareness of place, resulting in healthier internal environments and increasing overall business productivity. 
  • 329
  • 18 Sep 2023
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