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Topic Review
The Probability of Achieving Deadlines in Communication Networks
End-to-end (E2E) delay, which measures the time taken for packets to travel from a source node to a destination node in communication networks, is a widely used performance metric. It is frequently defined as the average delay of packets along a given path.
  • 154
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Principle of Action and Reaction According to Newton
The principle of action and reaction is generally considered the least problematic and interesting of Newton’s three laws of dynamics—least problematic because it seems self-evident, and least interesting because Newton’s mechanics of Principia essentially represents the dynamics of a mass point, while the principle of action and reaction is mainly important in the case of a set of bodies that interact with each other. However, reading Newton’s text is enough for the principle to appear equally problematic and interesting as the other two. This entry aims to justify this statement and to help clarify the meaning of the principle.
  • 949
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Pipeline Finite Element Analysis Model
Pipelines are widely used to transport oil and gas products over long distances. Corrosion and crack defects often exist at the same time in pipelines. The interaction impact between these defects could potentially affect the growth of the fatigue crack. Ensuring pipeline safety is a prerequisite for the transportation of fuels such as oil and natural gas. The finite element models are built to obtain the Stress Intensity Factors (SIFs) for fatigue crack. SIF interaction impact ratio is introduced to describe the interaction effect of corrosion on fatigue crack.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Photovoltaic Energy Systems within Renewable Energy Communities
Energy communities are on the rise globally, as they enable electricity consumers to advance the decarbonization of the energy system, while benefiting economically. Thus, they can involve the collaboration of individual consumers within residential buildings, as well as several neighborhoods, for the common purpose of expanding renewable energy and increasing their own share of locally generated renewable electricity. To reduce the entry boundaries for such a system of cummunity owned renewable energy (RE) plants and to enable trading of RE shares smart contracts within a community governed blockchain can provide a solution. In such a system prosumers could jointly buy real world PV assets and implement a digitial representation using tokens or utilities could offer token rewards for energy system beneficial behaviour thereby gradually increasing their customers' RE shares and enabling the evolvement towards active prosumership.
  • 319
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Parallel Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
For small structures on the scale of nanometers, the intermolecular van der Waals (vdW) interaction can play a leading role in some cases. Since their discovery, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have shown great application prospects in various fields with their excellent physical and mechanical properties.
  • 547
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Optimal Configuration of Wave Energy Conversions
Ocean energy is one potential renewable energy alternative to fossil fuels that has a more significant power generation due to its better predictability and availability. In order to harness this source, wave energy converters (WECs) have been devised and used over the past several years to generate as much energy and power as is feasible. While it is possible to install these devices in both nearshore and offshore areas, nearshore sites are more appropriate places since more severe weather occurs offshore. Determining the optimal location might be challenging when dealing with sites along the coast since they often have varying capacities for energy production. Constructing wave farms requires determining the appropriate location for WECs, which may lead us to its correct and optimum design. The WEC size, shape, and layout are factors that must be considered for installing these devices. 
  • 496
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Oil Spill Models
Oil spills may have devastating effects on marine ecosystems, public health, the economy, and coastal communities. To predict in near real time oil spill transport and fate with increased reliability, these models are usually coupled operationally to synoptic meteorological, hydrodynamic, and wave models. 
  • 286
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Offshore Wind Farms Investigations Using Machine Learning
The offshore wind energy sector continues to make substantial progress, driven by the urgent need for renewable energy, climate change mitigation strategies, and the ambitious zero-emission objectives set by governments and local communities. Key drivers of this progress include scaling up offshore wind turbine dimensions to boost energy output, improving the efficiency of existing systems, addressing environmental concerns associated with these installations, exploring deeper waters for turbine deployment in areas with optimal wind conditions, and pursuing the innovation of floating offshore turbines. These challenges are at the forefront of efforts to advance the development, installation, operation, and maintenance of offshore wind energy systems.
  • 334
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation
The National Construction Safety Team Act (NCST Act), signed into law on October 1, 2002 by President George W. Bush, mandated the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to establish the likely technical cause or causes of the three building failures that occurred on September 11, 2001 at the World Trade Center as a result of a terrorist attack. NIST issued its final report on the collapse of the World Trade Center Twin Towers in September 2005. It issued its final report on 7 World Trade Center in November 2008. NIST concluded that the collapse of each tower resulted from the combined effects of airplane impact damage, widespread fireproofing dislodgment, and the fires that ensued. The sequence of failures that NIST concluded initiated the collapse of both towers involved the heat-induced sagging of floor trusses pulling some of the exterior columns on one side of each tower inward until they buckled, after which instability rapidly spread and the upper sections then fell onto the floors below. World Trade Center Building 7 (7WTC), which was never directly hit by an airplane, collapsed as a result of thermal expansion of steel beams and girders that were heated by uncontrolled fires caused by the collapse of the North Tower and failure of the fire-resistive material.
  • 599
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Natural Cryoprotectant Honey for Fertility Cryopreservation
Honey is a mixture of 25 sugars with other bioactive substances (i.e., organic acids, enzymes, antioxidants, and vitamins) and has been known as a highly nutritious functional food. Traditionally, it has been widely used in medicinal applications to cure various diseases. The effectiveness of honey in different applications has been used for its antimicrobial activity, absorption of hydrops, cleansing, removing odor, assisting granulation, recovery of nutrition, and formation of tissue and epithelium, which proved that honey has dehydrating and preserving properties to make it ideal for the cryopreservation of cells and tissues.
  • 711
  • 07 Mar 2022
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