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HandWiki. The NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36329 (accessed on 03 October 2026).
HandWiki. The NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36329. Accessed October 03, 2026.
HandWiki. "The NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36329 (accessed October 03, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 24). The NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36329
HandWiki. "The NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 November, 2022.
The NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Engineering:The_NIST_World_Trade_Center_Disaster_Investigation

The National Construction Safety Team Act (NCST Act), signed into law on October 1, 2002 by President George W. Bush, mandated the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to establish the likely technical cause or causes of the three building failures that occurred on September 11, 2001 at the World Trade Center as a result of a terrorist attack. NIST issued its final report on the collapse of the World Trade Center Twin Towers in September 2005. It issued its final report on 7 World Trade Center in November 2008. NIST concluded that the collapse of each tower resulted from the combined effects of airplane impact damage, widespread fireproofing dislodgment, and the fires that ensued. The sequence of failures that NIST concluded initiated the collapse of both towers involved the heat-induced sagging of floor trusses pulling some of the exterior columns on one side of each tower inward until they buckled, after which instability rapidly spread and the upper sections then fell onto the floors below. World Trade Center Building 7 (7WTC), which was never directly hit by an airplane, collapsed as a result of thermal expansion of steel beams and girders that were heated by uncontrolled fires caused by the collapse of the North Tower and failure of the fire-resistive material.

thermal expansion steel beams 7wtc

References

  1. "Historical Survey of Multi-Story Building Collapses Due to Fire - JENSEN HUGHES" (in English). http://www.jensenhughes.com/white-papers/historical-survey-multi-story-building-collapses-due-to-fire/. 
  2. Eagar, Thomas W.; Musso, Christopher (2001). "Why did the world trade center collapse? Science, engineering, and speculation" (in en). JOM 53 (12): 8–11. doi:10.1007/s11837-001-0003-1. ISSN 1047-4838. Bibcode: 2001JOM....53l...8E. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11837-001-0003-1. 
  3. "Learning From 9/11--Understanding the Collapse of the World Trade Center". http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/science/hsy77747.000/hsy77747_0f.htm. 
  4. "FEMA 403, World Trade Center Building Performance Study (2002) | FEMA.gov". https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/3544. 
  5. "FEMA 403, World Trade Center Building Performance Study (2002), Executive Summary". https://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_execsum.pdf. 
  6. Glanz, James (2002-05-01). "Report on Towers' Collapse Ends Mostly in Questions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/01/nyregion/report-on-towers-collapse-ends-mostly-in-questions.html. 
  7. Glanz, James (2002-05-01). "Report on Towers' Collapse Ends Mostly in Questions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/01/nyregion/report-on-towers-collapse-ends-mostly-in-questions.html. 
  8. Thompson, Kristy (2011-04-27). "The National Fire Research Laboratory". NIST. https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/national-fire-research-laboratory. 
  9. "Public Law 107-231". October 1, 2002. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ231/pdf/PLAW-107publ231.pdf. 
  10. "NIST's Responsibilities Under the National Construction Safety Team Act". https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/el/disasterstudies/NationalConstructionSafetyTeamActFactsheet111212.pdf. 
  11. Banovic, S. W.; Foecke, T.; Luecke, W. E.; McColskey, J. D.; McCowan, C. N.; Siewert, T. A.; Gayle, F. W. (2007-11-01). "The role of metallurgy in the NIST investigation of the World Trade Center towers collapse" (in en). JOM 59 (11): 22–30. doi:10.1007/s11837-007-0136-y. ISSN 1047-4838. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11837-007-0136-y. 
  12. "NIST releases final WTC 7 investigation report". https://phys.org/news/2008-11-nist-wtc.html. 
  13. "Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse? Science, Engineering, and Speculation". http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0112/eagar/eagar-0112.html. 
  14. Ford, Susan Marie (2010-05-27). "National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster Answers to Frequently Asked Questions (August 30, 2006)" (in en). NIST. https://www.nist.gov/pba/national-institute-standards-and-technology-nist-federal-building-and-fire-safety-investigation. 
  15. Ford, Susan Marie (2010-05-27). "National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster Answers to Frequently Asked Questions (August 30, 2006)" (in en). NIST. https://www.nist.gov/pba/national-institute-standards-and-technology-nist-federal-building-and-fire-safety-investigation. 
  16. "NIST's Responsibility Under the National Construction Safety Team Act" (PDF). www.nist.gov. November 2012. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/el/disasterstudies/NationalConstructionSafetyTeamActFactsheet111212.pdf. 
  17. "Designing for a Resilient America: A Stakeholder Summit on High Performance Resilient Buildings and Related Infrastructure". https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/Docs/DesigingforResilientAmerica.pdf. 
  18. "A Decade of Difference". http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/publications/nfpa-journal/2011/september-october-2011/features/a-decade-of-difference. 
  19. Chao, Shih-Ho. "How building design changed after 9/11" (in en). The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/how-building-design-changed-after-9-11-64580. 
  20. "One World Trade Center rising on "super concrete" | Real Estate Weekly" (in English). Real Estate Weekly. 2011-06-01. http://rew-online.com/2011/06/01/1-wtc-rising-on-super-concrete/. 
  21. Kman, Nicholas. "Disaster communications: Lessons from 9/11" (in en). The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/disaster-communications-lessons-from-9-11-65142. 
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