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Topic Review
Thin-Film Solar Cells
Due to the surge in silicon demand for solar modules, thin-film photovoltaic (PV) modules have a potential to penetrate the market in significant numbers. As an alternate candidate, thin film technologies in PVs have the ability to achieve better performance. The competing thin-film PV technologies have the flexibility to adapt to any sort of curvature compared to rigid solar cells (SCs). Due to the peculiar characteristics of newer solar materials, stability issues, reflection losses, advancements in electrode materials and dopant materials with a photoactive layer are current challenges driving the industrial-academic voyage of development of solar materials for the betterment of Photo-conversion Efficiency (PCE). Based on the photoactive materials used over time, SC evolution was broadly classified into first, second and third generation SCs.  
  • 681
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Thin-Film Fabrication for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are amongst the most widely used renewable alternative energy systems with near-zero carbon emission, high efficiency, and environment-friendly features. However, the high operating temperature of SOFCs is still considered a major challenge due to several issues regarding the materials’ corrosion, unwanted reactions between layers, etc. Thus, low-temperature SOFCs (LT-SOFCs) have gained significant interest during the past decades. Despite the numerous advantages of LT-SOFCs, material selection for each layer is of great importance as the common materials have not shown a desirable performance so far. In addition to the selection of the materials, fabrication techniques have a great influence on the properties of the SOFCs. As SOFCs with thinner layers showed lower polarisation resistance, especially in the electrolyte layer, different thin-film fabrication methods have been employed, and their effect on the overall performance of SOFCs has been evaluated.
  • 651
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Thin Film Nanocomposite Forward Osmosis Membranes
Forward osmosis (FO) is a low-energy treatment process driven by osmosis to induce the separation of water from dissolved solutes/foulants through the membrane in hydraulic pressure absence while retaining all of these materials on the other side. 
  • 377
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Thin Film Lithium-Ion Battery
The thin film lithium-ion battery is a form of solid-state battery. Its development is motivated by the prospect of combining the advantages of solid-state batteries with the advantages of thin-film manufacturing processes. Thin-film construction could lead to improvements in specific energy, energy density, and power density on top of the gains from using a solid electrolyte. It allows for flexible cells only a few microns thick. It may also reduce manufacturing costs from scalable roll-to-roll processing and even allow for the use of cheap materials. thumb|right|Lithium Ion Battery
  • 427
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Thermosensitive Polymers
Temperature excursions within a biological milieu can be effectively used to induce drug release from thermosensitive drug-encapsulating nanoparticles. Oncological hyperthermia is of particular interest, as it is proven to synergistically act to arrest tumor growth when combined with optimally-designed smart drug delivery systems (DDSs). Thermoresponsive DDSs aid in making the drugs more bioavailable, enhance the therapeutic index and pharmacokinetic trends, and provide the spatial placement and temporal delivery of the drug into localized anatomical sites.
  • 993
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Thermoplastics and Photopolymer Desktop 3D Printers
With the advancement of additive manufacturing technologies in their material processing methodologies and variety of material selection, 3D printers are widely used in both academics and industries for various applications. It is no longer rare to have a portable and small desktop 3D printer and manufacture your own designs in a few hours. Desktop 3D printers vary in their functions, prices, materials used, and applications. Among many desktop 3D printers with various features, it is often challenging to select the best one for target applications and usages. In this paper, commercially available and carefully selected thermoplastic and photopolymer desktop 3D printers are introduced, and some representative models’ specifications and performances are compared with each other for user selection with respect to instructional applications.
  • 614
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Thermophysical Property Assessment of Metal Oxide-Based Nanofluids
Energy consumption in the industrial sector can be significantly reduced by improving heat transfer rates in heat exchanger circuits, pool boiling, metal cutting industries, etc. Numerous energy-related issues can be overcome to a large extent by improving heat flow properties by utilizing nanofluids. As to the improvement in thermophysical properties of metal oxide-based nanofluids, key parameters affecting the thermophysical properties of nanofluids, such as particle volume fraction, temperature, particle size and various stabilizers, were involved. The importance of DLVO theory and zeta potential to control the electrostatic repulsion and pH values of nanofluids for stable nanofluid formulations were highlighted. It has been observed that classical theories of thermal conductivity and viscosity cannot predict exact values for a wide range of variables. Therefore, various extensive correlations have been introduced to predict the thermophysical properties of nanofluids.
  • 539
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids and PCMs
Nanofluids can enhance the thermal conductivity of the base fluids by up to 100%. In addition, it was also reported that the simultaneous use of PCMs and nanofluids enhances the overall, thermal, and electrical efficiencies of solar thermal energy storage systems and photovoltaic-nano-enhanced PCM systems. The capability of storing substantial quantities of latent energy of between 100 MJ/m3 and 250 MJ/m3 and energy densities of from 150 MJ/m3 to 430 MJ/m3 for organic and inorganic PCMs, respectively, makes them very promising alternatives for thermal energy storage purposes. 
  • 199
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Thermophotovoltaic Cell
Generally, waste heat is redundantly released into the surrounding by anthropogenic activities without strategized planning. Consequently, urban heat islands and global warming chronically increases over time. Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems can be potentially deployed to harvest waste heat and recuperate energy to tackle this global issue with supplementary generation of electrical energy.
  • 944
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Thermomechanical Stress in Microelectronics Packaging Durability
Reflow soldering is the main connection technology of surface mounting. Firstly, the solder in paste form is stencil-printed onto the solder pads of the applied substrate, and then surface mounted devices are placed onto the solder deposits. Finally, the whole assembly is heated over the melting temperature of the solder alloy, which melts and forms solder joints. Surface mounting technology needs a low defect rate which is determined by process parameters, material properties, and the printed circuit board design. Accompanying the experiment and measurement, the identification and elimination of root causes can be effectively improved with numerical modelling, which also grants details to such physical mechanisms that are not even conventionally measurable.
  • 274
  • 25 Aug 2023
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