Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Using of Glycerol in the Esterification of Rosin
Rosin is a compound that originates from pine trees. It is obtained after the volatile component (turpentine) has been distilled. Rosin is translucent and its color ranges from brilliant yellow to brown. The substance exhibits insolubility in water but is soluble in a variety of organic solvents including alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene, chloroform, turpentine, and others. Gum rosin is an important agricultural commodity which is widely used as a raw material for various industries. However, gum rosin has low stability, crystallizes easily, and tends to oxidize. This is due to carboxyl groups and conjugated double bonds in gum rosin’s structure. Therefore, to reduce these weaknesses, it is necessary to modify the rosin compound to achieve better stability via the esterification process.
  • 472
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
USFS Grampus
USFC Grampus was a fisheries research ship in commission in the fleet of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, usually called the United States Fish Commission, from 1886 to 1903 and then as USFS Grampus in the fleet of its successor, the United States Bureau of Fisheries, until 1917. She was a schooner of revolutionary design in terms of speed and safety and influenced the construction of later commercial fishing schooners. Grampus′s home ports were Woods Hole and Gloucester, Massachusetts . During her 31-year career, Grampus made significant contributions to the understanding of the mackerel fishery off the United States East Coast , Canada , and the British colony of Newfoundland. She also investigated the tilefish population, conducted fishery investigations in the Gulf of Mexico, and contributed to fish culture work in New England to propagate the mackerel, cod, and lobster.
  • 259
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
USFS Crane
USFS Crane was an American fishery patrol vessel that operated in the waters of the Territory of Alaska. She was in commission in the United States Bureau of Fisheries (BOF) fleet from 1928 to 1940. She then served as US FWS Crane in the fleet of the Fish and Wildlife Service from 1940 to 1960. After a brief stint in the fleet of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game during 1960, she was sold into private service, at various times named Crane, Brapo, Fishing 5, Belle, and Patricia during the 1960s and 1970s and then again Crane since 1978. She remained in service as of 2020.
  • 255
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
USFC Grampus
USFC Grampus was a fisheries research ship in commission in the fleet of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, usually called the United States Fish Commission, from 1886 to 1903 and then as USFS Grampus in the fleet of its successor, the United States Bureau of Fisheries, until 1917. She was a schooner of revolutionary design in terms of speed and safety and influenced the construction of later commercial fishing schooners. Grampus′s home ports were Woods Hole and Gloucester, Massachusetts . During her 31-year career, Grampus made significant contributions to the understanding of the mackerel fishery off the United States East Coast , Canada , and the British colony of Newfoundland. She also investigated the tilefish population, conducted fishery investigations in the Gulf of Mexico, and contributed to fish culture work in New England to propagate the mackerel, cod, and lobster.
  • 319
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
User Association Performance Trade-Offs in Integrated RF/mmWave/THz Communications
6G and beyond wireless networks will be utilizing RF (below 6 GHz) mm-Wave, and sub THz frequency bands for user access. These three bands, however, have distinct propagation characteristics and bandwidths. Associating users across these bands using available radio resources while meeting different Quality of Services across slices is a difficult optimization problem.
  • 668
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Use of Zinc Oxide in Asphalts
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide-gap semiconducting material which is chemically stable at high temperatures and has been shown to be compatible with asphalt binders. Additionally, semiconducting nanoparticles such as ZnO could help to improve urban air quality. This has encouraged the use of this material as a binder and asphalt mix modifier. 
  • 292
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Use of Secondary Carbon Bio-Carriers in Metallurgical Processes
The term ‘secondary carbon bio-carriers’ here refers to biomass, torrefied biomass, biochar, charcoal, or biocoke. The main focus is on torrefied biomass, which can act as a carbon source for partial or complete replacement of fossil fuel in various metallurgical processes. The material requirements for the use of secondary carbon bio-carriers in different metallurgical processes are systematized, and pathways for the use of secondary carbon bio-carriers in four main routes of steel production are described.
  • 661
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Use of Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy method is a method of bond characterization that could be used quantitatively and qualitatively with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and electron energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) to study the chemical composition, compound composition, microstructural morphology, and their elemental compositions in CB applications, respectively.
  • 724
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Use of Biofuels and (Bio)lubricants in Compression-Ignition Engines
The environmental sustainability of agricultural and industrial vehicles, as well as of the transportation sector, represents one of the most critical challenges to the sustainable development of a nation. In recent decades, compression-ignition engines have been widely used in on-road and off-road vehicles due to their better fuel economy, autonomy, compactness, and mechanical performance (spec. the high torque values). Due to the consistent environmental impact of fossil fuels, scientists are searching for alternative energy sources while preserving the beneficial features of diesel engines. The utilization of blends of diesel fuel, biodiesel, and bioethanol fuel (referred to as “ternary blends”) is among the most promising solutions for replacing fossil fuels in the near term, allowing, at the same time, us to continue using existing vehicles until new technologies are developed, consolidated and adapted to the agricultural and industrial sector. These ternary blends can lower exhaust emissions without creating major problems for existing fuel-feeding systems, typically designed for low-viscosity fossil fuels. One of the concerns in using liquid biofuels, specifically biodiesel, is the high chemical affinity with conventional and bio-based lubricants, so the main parameters of lubricants can vary significantly after a long operation of the engine. The technical challenges and the main research pathways are presented herein.
  • 159
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Use of Biochar Particles for Asphalts
Char/biochar particles could be considered as a new kind of sustainable particle created from their “waste” feedstocks. Specifically, when also considering the circular principles, the conversion of polymer waste, food waste, and biomasses, through thermal treatment at high temperatures, gives an appropriate second life for these waste materials. The char/biochar particles, being particles mainly composed of carbon atoms and having a large surface, are very useful to formulate composites with improved mechanical resistance, i.e., elastic modulus and tensile strength, as well as improved oxidative and photooxidative resistance, while also considering the particles’ radicals scavenging abilities in comparison to the properties of neat matrices. 
  • 384
  • 08 Feb 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 677
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback